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A level Biology > Nucleotides > Flashcards

Nucleotides Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Information carrying polymers from the monomer nucleotides

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2
Q

Nucleotide general structure

A

Molecules consisting of a phosphate group bonded to a pentose sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What elements are in a nucleotide

A

Phosphorus
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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4
Q

How are polynucleotides formed?

A

From the condensation of nucleotide monomers
forming phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of the other

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5
Q

Bonds in a polynucleotide name

A

Phosphodiester bond

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6
Q

How are phosphodiester bonds formed?

A

The OH group in a phosphate group of one nucleotide and the OH group of a pentose sugar release H2O = condensation
Remaining oxygen forms the bonds between 2 nucleotides

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7
Q

How are polynucleotides broken down?

A

In a hydrolysis reaction by adding H2O molecules which break the phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

Examples of polynucleotides

A

Nucleic acids:
DNA
RNA

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9
Q

DNA structure description summary

A

2 nucleotides strands
Antiparallel to each other
Hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
Bases = A T C G
Double helix
Large molecule

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10
Q

DNA structure: 2 polynucleotide strands meaning

A

DNA contains 2 polynucleotide strands formed from condensation of nucleotide monomers with phosphodiester bonds between them

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11
Q

DNA structure: anti parallel to each other meaning

A

The 2 polynucleotide strands run in opposite directions to each other
Where the 5’ carbon is at the top of one strand
Where the 5’ carbon is at the bottom of other strand

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12
Q

DNA structure: hydrogen bonding between strands

A

Between the complementary base pairs in parallel polynucleotides are hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

DNA structure: complementary base pairs

A

So a purine base (A and G) always pairs and forms hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine (T and G respectively)

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14
Q

What does Adenine form hydrogen bonds to and how many?

A

Thymine
= 2 hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What does Cytosine form hydrogen bonds to and how many?

A

Guanine
= 3 hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

DNA structure: long large molecule

A

Contains a chain of millions and billions of nucleotides

17
Q

DNA structure: a coiled helix

A

Wrapped around histone proteins

18
Q

Proportions of each nucleotide base

A

The proportion of a base in one strand will be the same as the proportion of the complementary base in the other strand

19
Q

Why is DNA a long molecule?

A

So it can store lots of information

20
Q

Why is DNA a coiled helix?

A

So it is compact

21
Q

Why does DNA have a sugar phosphate backbone?

A

So bases in the middle are protected

22
Q

Why does DNA have a specific sequence of bases?

A

So it can code for a specific protein’s amino acid sequence

23
Q

Why is DNA double stranded?

A

So it can accurately be replicated with complementary base pairings in semi conservative replication

24
Q

Why does DNA have weak hydrogen bonds between strands?

A

So strands can easily be separated when it is being replicated

25
Q

Structure of RNA

A

A single polynucleotide strand
Nucleotide structure is:
a phosphate molecule bonded to a ribose sugar and nitrogenous base

26
Q

The pentose sugar in RNA is?

A

Ribose

27
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A

Adenine and Uracil
Cytosine and Guanine

28
Q

DNA vs RNA: pentose sugar

A

DNA has deoxyribose
RNA has ribose

29
Q

DNA vs RNA: strands

A

DNA is a double helix structure of 2 polynucleotide strands
RNA is a single strand polynucleotide strand

30
Q

DNA vs RNA: bases

A

DNA has Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine
RNA has Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine

31
Q

DNA vs RNA: complementary base pairings

A

DNA has complementary base pairs: A and T, C and G with hydrogen bonds between
mRNA is single stranded so no base pairs
tRNA has Hydrogen bonds

32
Q

DNA vs RNA: sugar phosphate backbone

A

DNA is stable due to having a sugar phosphate on either side to protect bases in middle
mRNA is more unstable because only has one sugar phosphate backbone

33
Q

DNA vs RNA: length

A

DNA is a long molecule with billions of nucleotides
RNA is a short molecule with thousands of nucleotides

34
Q

DNA vs RNA: function

A

DNA stores genetic information
RNA creates proteins and has 3 types:
messenger (carry genetic code for translation)
transfer (carry amino acids in translation)
ribosomal

35
Q

mRNA vs tRNA

A

mRNA is linear molecule whereas tRNA has a clover leaf shape
mRNA has no H bonds whereas tRNA does
mRNA has no anticodon region whereas tRNA does
mRNA has no amino acid binding site whereas tRNA does

36
Q

tRNA function

A

Carry amino acids to the complementary codon (by comp base pairs to its anticodon region) during translation

A level Biology (60 decks)

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