Eukaryote cells working together

Question 1

Chromosomes structure

Answer 1

Bound to histone proteins
Linear

Question 2

What makes up the nucleus in a cell?

Answer 2

Holds chromatin, material which makes chromosomes
Nucleolus
Double membrane

Question 3

Chromosomes function

Answer 3

Genetic material which encodes for specific proteins controles activities of cells by transcribing specific proteins

Question 4

Nucleolus structure

Answer 4

Dark stained regions

Question 5

Nucleolus function

Answer 5

Sites of ribosomes production by assembling ribosome subunits from ribosomal RNA

Question 6

Nucleus double membrane

Answer 6

Known as nuclear envelope with pores so molecules can enter, specifically for DNA replication

Question 7

Where are ribosomes found in a cell?

Answer 7

Found freely in the cytoplasm
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
+ in the mitochondria or chloroplasts

Question 8

Ribosomes structure

Answer 8

Large subunit (protein)
Small subunit (protein)
Ribosomal RNA
Not surrounded by a membrane

Question 9

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 9

To synthesise proteins

Question 10

What ribosomes are found in eukaryotes?

Answer 10

80s

Question 11

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Rough ER
Smooth ER

Question 12

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum vs rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

Rough is covered in ribosomes and involved in modifying proteins
Smooth is not covered in ribosomes and processes carbs and lipids

Question 13

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

Answer 13

Cisternae (flattened vesicles) which contain enzymes
Lumen
Ribosomes pebbled on surface

Question 14

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 14

Ribosomes translate for proteins to be secreted from cell or make up the membrane proteins or enter lysosomes
And then folds + processes these proteins

Question 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

Answer 15

Cisternae and lumen
But no pebbled enzymes on surface

Question 16

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 16

Produces and stores lipids and carbohydrates
Sends them to the Golgi to be transported to where needed

Question 17

Golgi apparatus structure

Answer 17

Flattened vesicles (cisternae) with lumen
Golgi vesicles being produced

Question 18

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 18

Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles
To be secreted
Form cell membrane
Enter lysosomes

Question 19

Vesicles structure

Answer 19

Phospholipid membrane bound

Question 20

Vesicles function

Answer 20

A sac which stores and transports proteins from ribosomes /ER to Golgi then secreted out the cell

Question 21

How does secretion occur in a cell

Answer 21

Vesicles containing protein or lipids etc are fused with cell membrane to release

Question 22

What are lysosomes?

Answer 22

Special type of vesicles

Question 23

Lysosomes structure

Answer 23

A phospholipid bilayer membrane
Contains hydrolytic enzymes and digestive proteins

Question 24

Lysosomes function

Answer 24

Forms vacuole around dead organelles to HYDROLYSE IT
Aids phagocytes in phagocytosis
Releases hydrolytic enzymes in programmed cell death

Question 25

What is exocytosis?

Answer 25

The fusion of membrane bound vesicles and lysosomes with cell surface membrane to release enzymes/ proteins etc into extra cellular space
And incorporate new lipids/ proteins in membrane

Question 26

Mitochondria structure

Answer 26

Double membrane folded into Cristae
Forming a matrix with enzymes
Mitochondrial loop of DNA and mitochondrial ribosomes

Question 27

Mitochondria function

Answer 27

The site of aerobic respiration which contains enzymes needed for it in cristae
Site of resynthesis of ATP (phosphorylation) and hydrolysis of ATP with enzymes

Question 28

What organelles do only plant cells contain?

Answer 28

A permanent vacuole
Cell wall with a middle lamella
Chloroplasts

Question 29

Structure of the vacuole

Answer 29

Enclosed in a membrane (the tonoplast)
Contains cell sap inside (dissolved sugars, ions, amino acids and waste products)

Question 30

What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 30

Separates unwanted chemicals in cell by tonoplast membrane
Maintains water pressure in cell

Question 31

Cell wall structure

Answer 31

Consists of cellulose forming microfibrils forming cellulose fibrils
Has middle lamella on outside composed of polysaccharides

Question 32

Cell wall function

Answer 32

Offers structural support to cell when water enters via osmosis increasing hydrostatic pressure
Prevents bursting

Question 33

Chloroplasts structure

Answer 33

Double membrane on outside
Membrane bound thylakoids containing chlorophyll stack to form granum connected by lamellae
Contains loop of dna + ribosomes
Starch granules
And stroma

Question 34

Chloroplasts function

Answer 34

The site of photosynthesis due to thylakoids containing thylakoids which are stacked to form granum for efficient light absorption

Question 35

Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria contain its own dna and ribosomes?

Answer 35

To synthesise it’s proteins needed for functions eg enzymes and to replicate when needed during interphase before cell division

Question 36

Which organelles have a double membrane?

Answer 36

Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria

Question 37

Endosymbiosis

Answer 37

The idea that one organism will live inside another for mutual benefit
Eventually evolved to form mitochondria/chloroplasts in cells - explains dna inside them

Question 38

Mitochondrial/chromosomal dna vs nucleus dna

Answer 38

Mitochondrial and chromosomes dna is a continuous loop not bound to proteins
In nucleus it is linear and bound to histone proteins

Question 39

All types of eukaryote cells

Answer 39

Animal cells
Plant cells
Algae cells
Fungi cells

Question 40

Algae cell difference

Answer 40

Similar shape + components of plant cells
But chloroplasts are different shapes to plant cells

Question 41

Fungal cells differences

Answer 41

Cell walls made of chitin
Do not have chloroplasts because they don’t photosynthesis