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A level Biology > Eukaryote cells working together > Flashcards

Eukaryote cells working together Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleolus structure

A

Dark stained regions in nucleus

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2
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Sites of ribosomes production by assembling polypeptide subunits (which diffused in from cytoplasm)
And combine with ribosomal RNA made here

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3
Q

Nucleus double membrane

A

Known as nuclear envelope with pores so molecules can enter, specifically for DNA replication eg enzymes, free nucleotides and ribosomes

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4
Q

Where are ribosomes found in a cell?

A

Found freely in the cytoplasm
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
+ in the mitochondria or chloroplasts

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5
Q

Ribosomes structure

A

Large subunit (protein)
Small subunit (protein)
Ribosomal RNA
Not surrounded by a membrane

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To synthesise proteins

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7
Q

What ribosomes are found in eukaryotes?

A

80s

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8
Q

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER
Smooth ER

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9
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum vs rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough is covered in ribosomes and involved in modifying proteins
Smooth is not covered in ribosomes and processes carbs and lipids

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10
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Cisternae (flattened vesicles) which contain enzymes
Lumen
Ribosomes pebbled on surface

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Ribosomes translate for proteins to be secreted from cell or make up the membrane proteins or enter lysosomes
And then folds + processes these proteins = transport of proteins inside vesicles to golgi apparatus

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12
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Cisternae and lumen
But no pebbled ribosomes on surface

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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Produces and stores lipids and carbohydrates
Sends them to the Golgi to be transported to where needed

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Flattened vesicles (cisternae) with lumen
Golgi vesicles being produced

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Package proteins into vesicles to be secreted by cell
Some proteins are combined with carbohydrate to form glycoproteins (modification)
Transporting and modifying lipids e.g. adding carbohydrate to lipid to make glycolipid
Forming lysosomes

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16
Q

Vesicles structure

A

Phospholipid membrane bound

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17
Q

Vesicles function

A

A sac which stores and transports proteins from ribosomes /ER to Golgi then secreted out the cell

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18
Q

How does secretion occur in a cell

A

Vesicles containing protein or lipids etc are fused with cell membrane to release

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19
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Special type of vesicles

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20
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

A phospholipid bilayer membrane
Contains hydrolytic enzymes and digestive proteins

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21
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Forms vacuole around dead organelles to HYDROLYSE IT
Aids phagocytes in phagocytosis
Releases hydrolytic enzymes in programmed cell death

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22
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The fusion of membrane bound vesicles and lysosomes with cell surface membrane to release enzymes/ proteins etc into extra cellular space
And incorporate new lipids/ proteins in membrane

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23
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane folded into Cristae
Forming a matrix with enzymes
Mitochondrial loop of DNA and mitochondrial ribosomes

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24
Q

Mitochondria function

A

The site of aerobic respiration which contains enzymes needed for it in cristae
Site of resynthesis of ATP (phosphorylation) and hydrolysis of ATP with enzymes

25
What organelles do only plant cells contain?
A permanent vacuole Cell wall with a middle lamella Chloroplasts
26
Structure of the vacuole
Enclosed in a membrane (the tonoplast) Contains cell sap inside (dissolved sugars, ions, amino acids and waste products)
27
What is the function of the vacuole?
Inflate with water to make cells turgid and thus support non-woody plant parts Store sugar and amino acids as a food store. Contain pigments to colour petals of flowers and therefore attract insects for pollination
28
Cell wall structure
Consists of cellulose forming microfibrils forming cellulose fibrils Has middle lamella on outside composed of polysaccharides
29
Cell wall function
Provides mechanical strength to the cell to prevent osmotic lysis (cell bursting due to taking up too much water by osmosis) Provides mechanical strength to plant as a whole Permeable to water so provides a route for water to travel through plant.
30
Chloroplasts structure
Double membrane on outside Membrane bound thylakoids containing chlorophyll stack to form granum connected by lamellae Contains loop of dna + ribosomes Starch granules And stroma to store enzymes used for photosynthesis
31
Chloroplasts function
The site of photosynthesis due to thylakoids containing thylakoids which are stacked to form granum for efficient light absorption
32
Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria contain its own dna and ribosomes?
To synthesise it’s proteins needed for functions eg enzymes and to replicate when needed during interphase before cell division
33
Which organelles have a double membrane?
Nucleus Chloroplasts Mitochondria
34
Endosymbiosis
The idea that one organism will live inside another for mutual benefit Eventually evolved to form mitochondria/chloroplasts in cells - explains dna inside them
35
Mitochondrial/chromosomal dna vs nucleus dna
Mitochondrial and chromosomes dna is a continuous loop not bound to proteins In nucleus it is linear and bound to histone proteins
36
All types of eukaryote cells
Animal cells Plant cells Algae cells Fungi cells
37
Algae cell difference
Similar shape + components of plant cells But chloroplasts are different shapes to plant cells Cell wall = cellulose and sometimes glycoproteins
38
Fungal cells differences
Cell walls made of chitin Do not have chloroplasts because they don’t photosynthesis
39
Structure of nucleus
Double nuclear envelope with nucleopores Inside has nucleoplasma Contains DNA as pairs of chromosomes - linear DNA wrapped around histone proteins = forms chromatin Has nucleoli
40
Function of nucleus
Contains DNA, which codes for polypeptide production during protein synthesis. Site of transcription, which produces mRNA for protein synthesis Site of DNA replication in eukaryote Nucleolus makes ribosomes
41
Chromatin
Uncondensed linear DNA molecules wrapped around histone proteins
42
Nucleoplasm
Jelly like substance makes up bulk of nucleus
43
Is a nucleolus membrane bound?
NO
44
Do ribosomes have a membrane?
No they are made of protein subunits
45
How are ribosomes made?
Nucleolus makes rRNA Ribosomal proteins made in cytoplasm import into nucleus through pores Nucleolus assembles these parts together
46
How do ribosomes leave the nucleus?
Through nuclear pores to be pebbled to rER/ cytoplasm
47
Why can endoplasmic reticulum transport proteins among the system?
Interconnected flattened cisternae
48
Where are proteins used in the cytoplasm synthesised at?
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm
49
Where are proteins that are excreted/ sent to golgi synthesised at?
Ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum
50
Why do mitochondria have double membrane folded into cristae?
To provide a large surface area to hold proteins involved in aerobic respiration eg oxidative phosphorylation
51
Mitochondrial matrix
Contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration
52
white vs black spots in chloroplasts under a microscope
White spots = stored starch granules Black spots = stored lipid droplets
53
Middle lamellae in a plant cell wall
Cements plant cell walls adjacent to each other together
54
Why do plant cells not store water in the cytoplasm, but the vacuole instead?
Storing water in cytoplasm will dilute plant cell's solution of substrate and enzyme so slows rate of enzyme catalysed reaction
55
Tissue
a group of similar cells organised into a structural unit that serves a particular function in a living organism
56
Organ
a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function.
57
Organ system
A group of organs that work together to perform a certain function in an organism's body.
58

A level Biology (107 decks)

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