Glucose Concentration Levels Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin is triggered to release when…

A

The beta cells in islets of langerhans in the pancreas detects blood glucose concentration is too high

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2
Q

Insulin is released from…

A

Beta cells of islets of langerhans in the pancreas

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3
Q

What is insulin made of?

A

It is a protein

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4
Q

Insulins target cells are

A

Liver and skeletal muscle cells

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5
Q

What happens when insulin arrives at its target cells?

A

It binds to receptor proteins on the target cells cell membrane

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6
Q

What is triggered when insulin binds to insulin receptors?

A

Vesicles containing glucose carrier proteins inside the target cell will fuse with the cell surface membrane
And activates certain enzymes in the target cells

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7
Q

When glucose carrier proteins fuse with target cell membranes…

A

More glucose carrier proteins in the cell membrane causes more facilitated diffusion of glucose into the target cell

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8
Q

Enzymes activated by the insulin receptors will….

A

Catalyse the conversion of glucose to glycogen

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9
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

When the alpha cells in islets of Langerhan in the pancreas detects the blood glucose concentration is too low

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10
Q

What releases glucagon?

A

Alpha cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas

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11
Q

What is glucagon made of?

A

Protein

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12
Q

Target cells of glucagon

A

Only the liver cells

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13
Q

What does glucagon do to the liver target cells?

A

Binds to receptors on the liver target cells

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14
Q

Binding glucagon to glucagon receptors means…

A

Activates enzymes which converts glycogen (storage of glucose) to glucose
And converts glycerol/amino acids to glucose

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15
Q

How does glucose leave the target cell after glucagon uses?

A

Because glucose carrier proteins are always in target cells so can still leave even without insulin

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16
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

The adrenal glands

17
Q

When is adrenaline released?

A

In fight/flight or excitement situations

18
Q

Adrenaline target cells

A

Skeletal muscle cells and liver cells

19
Q

Glucagon vs adrenaline

A

Glucagon triggers release of glucose when blood glucose levels are too low
Adrenaline triggers release of glucose during fight or flight so more can be respired for ATP

20
Q

Adrenaline acts how?

A

Because it binds to receptors on liver and skeletal muscle cells, activates enzymes to convert glycogen to glucose

21
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Making of glycogen from glucose in a condensation reaction

22
Q

When does glycogenesis occur?

A

When blood glucose gets too high, so is taken in to liver/skeletal muscle cells and converted to glycogen for storage
Detected by insulin

23
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose

24
Q

When does glycogenolysis occur?

A

When blood glucose levels get too low and glucagon and adrenaline triggers the hydrolysis to produce more glucose

25
Gluconeogenesis
The production of glucose from amino acids or glycerol
26
When does gluconeogenesis occur?
When blood glucose levels get too low so adrenaline and glucagon activates this conversion