spinal anatomy important info

Question 1

what 2 connective tissue types is bone embryologically derived from?

Answer 1

mesenchyme
cartilage

2nd-5th month in utero

Question 2

when bone develops within the primitive connective tissue mesenchyme, what is the mechanism of bone formation?

Answer 2

intramembranous- 2nd-3rd month in utero

Question 3

intramembranous ossification is characteristic of which bones?

Answer 3

most bones of the skull and clavicle

Question 4

when bone develops within cartilage, the mechanism of bone formation is called?

Answer 4

endochondral ossification

2nd-5th month in utero

Question 5

centers for ossification appear in the skull in a cartilage template called?

Answer 5

chondrocranium

Question 6

what bones are derived from the chondrocranium?

Answer 6

inferior nasal concha 
ethmoid
sphenoid
part of mandible 
temporal 
occipital

Question 7

nonarticular surface of any bone is covered by a thin layer called

Answer 7

periosteum

Question 8

the fiber-cellular layer lining spongy, trabecular or cancellous bone is called

Answer 8

endosteum

Question 9

what are examples of flat bones?

Answer 9

parietal
sternum
blade of scapula

Question 10

examples of sesamoid bones

Answer 10

patella

pisiform

Question 11

accessory bones are formed from the periosteum of existing bones, what are some examples?

Answer 11

para-articular processes
bony spurs
tarsal bones

Question 12

what type of bone are formed from cells within non-bone related tissues as a result of healing, disease, stress or age?

Answer 12

heterotopic bone- pineal gland, heart, within ligaments

Question 13

what constitutes the cranium?

Answer 13

skull minus the mandible

Question 14

which joint classification is synarthrosis?

Answer 14

fibrous- restricted

Question 15

which joint classification is amphiarthrosis?

Answer 15

cartilaginous- slightly moveable

Question 16

which joint classification is diarthrosis?

Answer 16

synovial- freely moveable

Question 17

joints united by fibrous tissue are classified as

Answer 17

syndesmosis

Question 18

interosseous ligaments =

Answer 18

synarthrosis syndesmosis

Question 19

what are the 3 subcategories of fibrous joints?

Answer 19

suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

Question 20

what are the 2 subcategories of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 20

synchondrosis, symphysis

Question 21

what are some examples of synchondroses

Answer 21

metaphysis of long bones
cartilage between centrum and neural arch centers
cartilage between bones of chondrocranium
costochondral joint of ribs
sternochondral joint

Question 22

what is the 1st type of cartilage joint to appear during development?

Answer 22

synchondrosis

Question 23

what is the histological type of cartilage that is the template where endochondral ossification takes place?

Answer 23

hyaline cartilage

Question 24

which type of joints are formed from fibrocartilage and occur between bones forming from endochondral ossification? they have limited movement and occur in median plane of the body characterized by ligaments positioned ant and post to the joint?

Answer 24

symphysis

Question 25

what are some examples of symphysis/ 2ndary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 25

intervertebral disc pubic symphysis sternal symphyses

Question 26

synchondroses are temporary or permanent?

Answer 26

temporary EXCEPT: costrochondral joints of ribs and 1st sternocostal joint which are permanent

Question 27

symphyses are temporary or permanent?

Answer 27

permanent EXCEPT: symphysis menti; btw developing halves of mandible

Question 28

what are the 4 characteristics of diarthrosis/ synovial fluid joints?

Answer 28

articular or fibrous capsule synovial membrane 2 or more articular cartilage surfaces synovial fluid

Question 29

articular fat pads aka

Answer 29

haversian gland

Question 30

where are haversian glands been found to be most present

Answer 30

lumbar zygapophyseal joints

Question 31

nonaxial synovial joints exhibit what movement?

Answer 31

only translational movement plane/arthrodial

Question 32

uniaxial synovial joints exhibit what movement?

Answer 32

flex/extend OR medial/lateral rotation hinge/ginglymus pivot/trochoid

Question 33

biaxial synovial joints exhibit what movement?

Answer 33

typically flexion/extension combined with abduction/ adduction bicondylar, condylar, ellipsoidal and saddle/sellar

Question 34

multiaxial synovial joint examples

Answer 34

ball and socket/enarthrosis spheroidal cotyloid

Question 35

what joints are considered plane synovial joints?

Answer 35

zygapophyses intercarpal, carpometacarpal (except thumb) and intermetacarpal intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal

Question 36

diarthrosis arthrodia=

Answer 36

plane synovial

Question 37

diarthrosis ginglymus=

Answer 37

hinge synovial

Question 38

what restricts hinge joint movement?

Answer 38

strong collateral ligaments

Question 39

what are examples of hinge joints?

Answer 39

interphalangeal | humero-ulnar

Question 40

diarthrosis trochoid=

Answer 40

pivot synovial

Question 41

what are examples of a pivot synovial joint?

Answer 41

proximal radio-ulnar joint: head of radius (pivot point) within osteoligamentous ring median atlanto-axial joint: odontoid process of axis (pivot point); osteoligamentous ring rotates around odontoid

Question 42

diarthrosis sellar=

Answer 42

saddle synovial

Question 43

what are examples of saddle synovial?

Answer 43

carpometacarpal joint of thumb talocrural joint calcaneocuboid joint

Question 44

knuckle like=

Answer 44

condylar

Question 45

example of condylar synovial joint

Answer 45

temporo-mandibular joint- anatomically condylar and functionally bicondylar

Question 46

example bicondylar synovial joint

Answer 46

femur-tibia joint

Question 47

ellipsoidal synovial joint examples

Answer 47

radoiocarpal metacarpo-phalangeal metatarso-phalangeal atlanta-occipital