spinal anatomy important info Flashcards
what 2 connective tissue types is bone embryologically derived from?
mesenchyme
cartilage
2nd-5th month in utero
when bone develops within the primitive connective tissue mesenchyme, what is the mechanism of bone formation?
intramembranous- 2nd-3rd month in utero
intramembranous ossification is characteristic of which bones?
most bones of the skull and clavicle
when bone develops within cartilage, the mechanism of bone formation is called?
endochondral ossification
2nd-5th month in utero
centers for ossification appear in the skull in a cartilage template called?
chondrocranium
what bones are derived from the chondrocranium?
inferior nasal concha ethmoid sphenoid part of mandible temporal occipital
nonarticular surface of any bone is covered by a thin layer called
periosteum
the fiber-cellular layer lining spongy, trabecular or cancellous bone is called
endosteum
what are examples of flat bones?
parietal
sternum
blade of scapula
examples of sesamoid bones
patella
pisiform
accessory bones are formed from the periosteum of existing bones, what are some examples?
para-articular processes
bony spurs
tarsal bones
what type of bone are formed from cells within non-bone related tissues as a result of healing, disease, stress or age?
heterotopic bone- pineal gland, heart, within ligaments
what constitutes the cranium?
skull minus the mandible
which joint classification is synarthrosis?
fibrous- restricted
which joint classification is amphiarthrosis?
cartilaginous- slightly moveable
which joint classification is diarthrosis?
synovial- freely moveable
joints united by fibrous tissue are classified as
syndesmosis
interosseous ligaments =
synarthrosis syndesmosis
what are the 3 subcategories of fibrous joints?
suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
what are the 2 subcategories of cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis, symphysis
what are some examples of synchondroses
metaphysis of long bones
cartilage between centrum and neural arch centers
cartilage between bones of chondrocranium
costochondral joint of ribs
sternochondral joint
what is the 1st type of cartilage joint to appear during development?
synchondrosis
what is the histological type of cartilage that is the template where endochondral ossification takes place?
hyaline cartilage
which type of joints are formed from fibrocartilage and occur between bones forming from endochondral ossification? they have limited movement and occur in median plane of the body characterized by ligaments positioned ant and post to the joint?
symphysis
what are some examples of symphysis/ 2ndary cartilaginous joints?
intervertebral disc
pubic symphysis
sternal symphyses
synchondroses are temporary or permanent?
temporary
EXCEPT: costrochondral joints of ribs and 1st sternocostal joint which are permanent
symphyses are temporary or permanent?
permanent
EXCEPT: symphysis menti; btw developing halves of mandible
what are the 4 characteristics of diarthrosis/ synovial fluid joints?
articular or fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
2 or more articular cartilage surfaces
synovial fluid
articular fat pads aka
haversian gland
where are haversian glands been found to be most present
lumbar zygapophyseal joints
nonaxial synovial joints exhibit what movement?
only translational movement
plane/arthrodial
uniaxial synovial joints exhibit what movement?
flex/extend OR
medial/lateral rotation
hinge/ginglymus
pivot/trochoid
biaxial synovial joints exhibit what movement?
typically flexion/extension combined with abduction/ adduction
bicondylar, condylar, ellipsoidal and saddle/sellar
multiaxial synovial joint examples
ball and socket/enarthrosis
spheroidal
cotyloid
what joints are considered plane synovial joints?
zygapophyses
intercarpal, carpometacarpal (except thumb) and intermetacarpal
intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal
diarthrosis arthrodia=
plane synovial
diarthrosis ginglymus=
hinge synovial
what restricts hinge joint movement?
strong collateral ligaments
what are examples of hinge joints?
interphalangeal
humero-ulnar
diarthrosis trochoid=
pivot synovial
what are examples of a pivot synovial joint?
proximal radio-ulnar joint: head of radius (pivot point) within osteoligamentous ring
median atlanto-axial joint: odontoid process of axis (pivot point); osteoligamentous ring rotates around odontoid
diarthrosis sellar=
saddle synovial
what are examples of saddle synovial?
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
talocrural joint
calcaneocuboid joint
knuckle like=
condylar
example of condylar synovial joint
temporo-mandibular joint- anatomically condylar and functionally bicondylar
example bicondylar synovial joint
femur-tibia joint
ellipsoidal synovial joint examples
radoiocarpal
metacarpo-phalangeal
metatarso-phalangeal
atlanta-occipital
