microbiology

Question 1

selective media agar type and what is it selective for?

Answer 1

sabouraud dextrose agar

inhibits bacteria, selective for fungi

Question 2

differential media agar type and what is it for?

Answer 2

blood agar

differentiate streptococcus species

Question 3

selective AND differential media agar type and what is it used for?

Answer 3

MacConkey agar

inhibits gram + selective for gram - and differentiates different gram - bacteria

Question 4

psychrophilic

Answer 4

prefers cold

Question 5

mesophilic

Answer 5

moderate temps PATHOGENS

Question 6

thermophilic

Answer 6

prefers high temps

Question 7

what are self-nourishing with CO2 as nutrient source?

Answer 7

autotrophs

Question 8

what need organic/environmental carbon for nutrients?

Answer 8

heterotrophs

Question 9

what is gram + stain?

Answer 9

purple

Question 10

what is gram - stain?

Answer 10

red

Question 11

what are the simple stains?

Answer 11

crystal violet
safranin
methylene blue
malachite green

Question 12

what are acid fast stains?

Answer 12

red- mycobacteria

blue- other tissue

Question 13

what are endospore stains?

Answer 13

green- endospores

red- vegetative cells

Question 14

what are the gram + exceptions?

Us Um

Answer 14

listeria
nocardia
actinomyces
streptomyces- antiobiotic

Question 15

what are gram - exceptions?

A Er

Answer 15

pseudomonas
proteus- UTIs
vibrio-cholera 
haemophilus- meningitis in children 
bacterioides- appendicitis

Question 16

what have a waxy mycolic acid in cell wall?

Answer 16

mycobacterium- TB, leprosy, buruli ulcer

Question 17

what bacteria have NO cell wall?

Answer 17

mycoplasma- pneumonia

red- fried egg appearance

Question 18

prokaryotic cells ribosomes?

Answer 18

70s

Question 19

f-plasmids

Answer 19

fertility and conjugation

Question 20

R-plasmids

Answer 20

resistance

Question 21

describe plasmids

Answer 21

extrachromosomal DNA

found more in gram -

Question 22

what is a dormant form of bacteria cell, most resistant?

Answer 22

endospore

Question 23

which glycocalyx is tightly adhered

Answer 23

capsule

Question 24

which glyocalyx is loosely adhered?

Answer 24

slime layer

Question 25

eukaryotic cell ribosomes?

Answer 25

80s | EXCEPT mitochondria- 70s

Question 26

what is a virus that infects bacteria?

Answer 26

bacteriophage

Question 27

what is a proteinaceous infectious agent that lack nucleic acid?

Answer 27

prions

Question 28

what viruses are bullet shaped?

Answer 28

rabies and HIV

Question 29

what is the most common viral shape?

Answer 29

icosahedron- 20 sides

Question 30

what is a solid transported into a cell?

Answer 30

phagocytosis

Question 31

what is a liquid transported into a cell?

Answer 31

pinocytosis

Question 32

substances transported out of a cell?

Answer 32

exocytosis

Question 33

gene transfer- competent cell takes up DNA from environment?

Answer 33

transformation

Question 34

gene transfer- requires bacteriophage?

Answer 34

transduction

Question 35

gene transfer- f-plasmid cell transfers via conjugation pili

Answer 35

conjugation

Question 36

treatment of drinking water

Answer 36

1 coagulation and flocculation 2 sedimentation 3 filtration 4 disinfection

Question 37

what steps in drinking water treatment remove large particulate material?

Answer 37

coagulation and flocculation | sedimentation

Question 38

what are the 3 methods of filtration?

Answer 38

sand activated charcoal membrane filtration

Question 39

what are the 3 methods of disinfection?

Answer 39

chlorine ozone UV light

Question 40

treatment of wastewater

Answer 40

1 sedimentation 2 activated sludge or trickle filter system 3 chemical- chlorination 4 sludge treatment- anaerobic or methane

Question 41

pathogenicity vs virulence

Answer 41

pathogenicity- ability of microorganism to cause disease | virulence- degree of pathogenicity

Question 42

isolation vs quarantine

Answer 42

isolation- ill persons | quarantine- well persons exposed

Question 43

what is an inanimate object involved in indirect transmission of disease?

Answer 43

fomite

Question 44

incidence vs prevalence

Answer 44

incidence- # of new cases | prevalence- # of total cases

Question 45

what are some examples of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 45

measles mumps rubella

Question 46

examples of killed non infectious vaccines

Answer 46

polio

Question 47

toxoid vaccine example

Answer 47

tetanus

Question 48

recombinant gene vaccine

Answer 48

HPV

Question 49

what does an adjuvant do?

Answer 49

increase immune response

Question 50

what is used to inactivate vaccines?

Answer 50

formaldehyde

Question 51

what is the term for effectiveness checked by measuring antibodies in the blood?

Answer 51

titer

Question 52

what is the most common fungal pathogen affecting humans?

Answer 52

histoplasmosis- 95% asymptomatic

Question 53

what is the most common fungal PATHOGEN causing disease in humans?

Answer 53

candidiasis-illness

Question 54

tinea capitis

Answer 54

body

Question 55

tinea unguium

Answer 55

head/scalp

Question 56

who used to treat polio virus with formaldehyde to kill the virus?

Answer 56

salk

Question 57

who used live and attenuated virus for his vaccine?

Answer 57

sabin

Question 58

what are examples of type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 58

pernicious anemia, blood incompatibility, myasthenia gravis

Question 59

what are examples of type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 59

SLE, RA, rheumatic fever, serum sickness

Question 60

what are examples of type 4 hypersensitive

Answer 60

infections, dermatitis, graft rejections