anatomy- larynx and thorax

Question 1

what does the larynx connect?

Answer 1

lower part of the pharynx to the esophagus

Question 2

what are the functions of the larynx?

Answer 2

• prevents food from getting into airway
• regulates air flow into the lungs
• vocalization

Question 3

where does the larynx lie?

Answer 3

C3-6

Question 4

what are the cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 4

thyroid
cricoid 
epiglottic 
arytenoid 
corniculate 
cuneiform

Question 5

what structure begins at C6? what structure ends at C6?

Answer 5

cricoid ends and trachea begins

Question 6

what does each arytenoid cartilage present?

Answer 6

vocal process- vocal ligament attachment

muscular process- larynx intrinsic muscle attachment

Question 7

what paired cartilages lie on the apices of the arytenoid cartilages?

Answer 7

corniculate cartilage

Question 8

where do the cuneiform cartilages lie?

Answer 8

in aryepiglottic folds anterior to corniculate cartilages

Question 9

what are the 2 joints of the larynx?

Answer 9

cricothyroid- rotation of thyroid cartilage
cricoarytenoid- gliding and rotation of arytenoid on cricoid

both synovial joints

Question 10

what is the main structure that vibrates to produce sound?

Answer 10

vocal ligament

Question 11

what are the folds of the larynx?

Answer 11

vestibular (false vocal cords)

vocal (true vocal cords)

Question 12

what initiates the cough reflex?

Answer 12

vestibular/ false vocal cords

Question 13

what is the narrowest part of the larynx?

Answer 13

rima glottidis

Question 14

what includes the rima glottidis and vocal folds?

Answer 14

glottis

Question 15

what area of the larynx contains glands that lubricate the vocal folds?

Answer 15

laryngeal saccule

Question 16

what are the elevators of the larynx?

Answer 16

Thyrohyoid
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid 
Digastric
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

Question 17

what are the depressors of the larynx?

Answer 17

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

Question 18

what muscles raises pitch of voice?

Answer 18

cricothyroid

Question 19

what 2 muscle decrease pitch of voice?

Answer 19

thyroarytenoid and vocalis

Question 20

where are the deep cervical nodes located?

Answer 20

within the carotid sheath, following the internal jugular vein

Question 21

efferents of the deep cervical nodes form?

Answer 21

left and right jugular trunks

Question 22

what is an enlarged supraclavicular node on the left side usually first indication of tumor?

Answer 22

sentinel/signal node

Question 23

what is the portion of the breast which extends back into the armpit and often a site for cancer?

Answer 23

axillary process/tail

Question 24

where is the sternal angle located?

Answer 24

btw T4 and T5

Question 25

what are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)

Answer 25

``` xiphoid process costal margin 12th rib distal 11th rib T12 ```

Question 26

what elevates the ribs in inspiration?

Answer 26

external intercostal

Question 27

what muscles depress ribs in forced expiration?

Answer 27

internal and innermost intercostals subcostalis transversus thoracis

Question 28

what veins represent the thoracic continuation of the right and left ascending lumbar veins?

Answer 28

azygos and hemiazygos veins- they cross the midline

Question 29

the anterior primary rami of 1-11 spinal nerves

Answer 29

intercostal nerves

Question 30

anterior primary rami of the 12th spinal nerve

Answer 30

subcostal nerve

Question 31

which pleura is highly sensitive to pain and which has no pain?

Answer 31

parietal pleura= pain | visceral= no pain

Question 32

the mediastinum is a space between pleural cavities that contains all thorax structures except:

Answer 32

lungs and pleura

Question 33

what does the plane from sternal angle and IVD of T4-T5 separate?

Answer 33

superior and inferior mediastinum

Question 34

what are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 34

Thymus Lymph nodes Parasternal nodes

Question 35

what are the contents of the middle mediastinum?

Answer 35

``` Heart Pericardium Roots of great vessels Main bronchi Phrenic nerve ```

Question 36

what are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 36

``` Esophagus Thoracic aorta Azygos vein Hemiazygos vein Thoracic duct Vagus nerve Splanchnic nerves ```

Question 37

where does the trachea lie?

Answer 37

inferior border cricoid cartilage C6 anterior to esophagus posterior to arch of aorta

Question 38

what is the prominent ridge of the trachea that separates the left and right main bronchi?

Answer 38

carina