pathology #2

Question 1

where are red vs white infarcts found?

Answer 1

red= double blood supply- liver, lung or collateral vessels- intestines

white= heart

Question 2

What is a massive kidney cancer in kids 2-5?

Answer 2

Wilm’s tumor

Question 3

What is a cancer in kids age 2 with a mutated Rb gene and flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes?

Answer 3

Retinoblastoma- cancer of the retina

Question 4

Blueberry muffin baby, homer-wright rosettes?

Answer 4

Neuroblastoma- cancer of neural crest cells in kids

Sympathetic ganglia or adrenal gland

Question 5

What is the most common pediatric cancer?

Answer 5

Leukemia

Question 6

What are the 2 bone cancers in children?

Answer 6

Ewing sarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Question 7

Edema originates from

Answer 7

1 increased hydrostatic pressure

2 reduces osmotic pressure

Question 8

What develops following Vit C and K deficiencies?

Answer 8

Petechiae

Question 9

Hemophilia A

Answer 9

Cofactor VIII deficiency

A= 8

Question 10

Hemophilia B

Answer 10

Cofactor IX deficiency

B= 9

Question 11

What is hemarthrosis?

Answer 11

Bleeding of a joint- MC from hemophilia

Question 12

What is the MC inherited bleeding disorder?

Answer 12

Von Willebrand disease 1 in 100

Question 13

What is a severe trauma that produces body wide clotting. Clot everywhere and die or run out of clotting factors and hemorrhage?

Answer 13

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 14

What are the alternating light and dark lines (platelets and RBCs) within a thrombus (clot)?

Answer 14

Lines of Zahn

Question 15

What is a large pulmonary embolism that straddles the pulmonary artery bifurcation and produces acute cor pulmonale?

Answer 15

Saddle embolism

Question 16

What is a consequence of advanced cirrhosis?

Answer 16

Esophageal varices

Question 17

Peau d’ orange

Answer 17

Lymphatic obstruction

Question 18

What does the hypersensitivity acronym stand for?

Answer 18

Allergies
Cytotoxicity from opsonization, Coombs
Immune complexes- vasculitis
Delayed- T-cell mediated reaction takes time

Question 19

Type II hypersensitivity

Answer 19

Anti-body mediated IgG or IgM

ABO incompability, rheumatic fever, Goodpasture, Graves, pernicious anemia

Question 20

What tests type II hypersensitives

Answer 20

Coombs test

Question 21

Type III hypersensitivites

Answer 21

Immune complexes deposited into vessel walls, vasculitis and fibrinoid necrosis

SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, serum sickness, reactive arthritis, post-strep glomerulonephritis

Question 22

Type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 22

Only one without antibodies- t-cell CD4 and CD8

Poison ivy, TB, MS, RA, type 1 diabetes, Crohns, hashimotos, eczema

Question 23

SLE multisystem antibody formation, young adult African American females MC. What are symptoms?

Answer 23

Malar rash, painless mouth ulcers, arthritis, pleuritis, pericarditis, Libman-Sacks endocarditis, anemia, myalgia, swelling etc.

Question 24

What is an autoimmune fibrosis of multiple organ systems with characteristic sclerodactyly and GI, Lungs and kidneys affected?

Answer 24

Systemic sclerosis

Question 25

What is CREST a type of and what does it stand for?

Answer 25

Systemic sclerosis ``` Calcinosis- soft tissue Raynauds Esophageal dismotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia- spider veins (face is common) ```

Question 26

What immune deficiency is a failure of B cells to mature which means no plasma cells in circulation. Produces recurrent bacterial and viral infections in young boys?

Answer 26

Bruton's disease: x-linked agammaglobulinemia

Question 27

Bruton's disease type

Answer 27

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Question 28

What is known as "bubble boy" with severe lymphatic atrophy and very few B and T cells?

Answer 28

Severe combined immunodeficiency

Question 29

22q11.2 deletion syndrome with thymic or parathyroid hypoplasia?

Answer 29

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 30

Parathyroid hypoplasia causes what symptoms?

Answer 30

Hypocalcemia, tetany, cleft lip, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia

Question 31

Why does CO poisoning lead to asphyxiation or lethal hypoxia, also cherry red skin?

Answer 31

Hemoglobin binds about 200x more with CO that O2, therefore RBCs fill up with CO and can't circulate O2

Question 32

Minamata disease

Answer 32

Mercury poisoning

Question 33

Itai Itai disease, demineralization of bone and renal failure

Answer 33

Cadmium poisoning

Question 34

How does alcoholism produce cardiac failure?

Answer 34

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 35

What is severe starvation due to lack of TOTAL calories?

Answer 35

Marasmus- somatic tissue wasting

Question 36

What is severe starvation due to lack of protein?

Answer 36

Kwashiorkor- visceral tissue wasting

Question 37

What is hypoventilation syndrome?

Answer 37

Obstructive sleep apnea