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NBCE sample questions and important info > biochemistry important stuff > Flashcards

biochemistry important stuff Flashcards

1
Q

which enzyme class transfer H in redox reaction?

A

oxidoreductase- uses NAD+ and FAD+

dehydrogenase and reductase

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2
Q

which enzyme class transfers a functional group (2 reactants and 2 products)?

A

transferases

*kinases, phosphatases, transaminases

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3
Q

which enzyme class rearranges reactant (1 reactant and 1 product)?

A

isomerase

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4
Q

which enzyme class has H2O as the reactant? (hydrolysis)

A

hydrolase

*digestive enzymes- proteases, lipases, amylases

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5
Q

which enzyme class breaks C-C, C-S, C-N bonds without hydrolysis or redox?

A

lyase

decarboxylases- remove CO2

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6
Q

which enzyme class joins bonds between C&O, S or N and uses ATP?

A

ligases- add CO2

carboxylases- biotin

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7
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in a pathway?

A

allosteric regulation

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8
Q

when there is a high level of substrate that pushes a reaction to completion this is positive or negative allosteric regulation?

A

positive

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9
Q

when there is a high level of product that slows down the reaction this is a positive or negative allosteric regulation?

A

negative- feedback inhibition

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10
Q

what type of enzyme regulation adds or removes a phosphate group?

A

covalent modification

kinases and phosphatases

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11
Q

what is the term for gene expression to control enzyme concentration?

A

enzyme induction- slow

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12
Q

which monosaccharides are anomeric on C1?

A

glucose and galatose

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13
Q

which monosaccharides are anomeric on C2?

A

fructose

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14
Q

which pathway is stimulated by short bursts of exercise and burns out quickly?

A

ATP-PC
phosphocreatine system
creatine phosphate system

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15
Q

which enzyme and cofactor are needed for the ATP-PC pathway?

A

creatine kinase

magnesium

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16
Q

what is the primary reaction and product of glycolysis?

A

reactant- glucose

product- pyruvate and ATP

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17
Q

what are the regulatory enzymes of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase/glucokinase

pyruvate kinase

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18
Q

what is the key rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase

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19
Q

what are the fates of pyruvate from glycolysis?

A

alanine- glucose alanine cycle
lactate- fast glycolysis; Cori cycle also increased NADH (alcohol metabolism)
acetyl-CoA- glycolysis and krebs link

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20
Q

where can you find hexokinase and what does it do?

A

present in most tissues; locks glucose into the cell- committed; HIGH affinity for glucose (low Km)

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21
Q

where can you find glucokinase and what does it do?

A

liver and pancreas; stimulated by fructose and insulin; LOW affinity for glucose (high Km)

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22
Q

which cycle has the greatest production of ATP?

A

aerobic respiration/ cellular respiration

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23
Q

what is described as producing ATP using energy created by electron flow down the ETS to final electron acceptor, O2?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

24
Q

what are the end products of aerobic metabolism?

A

CO2
H20
ATP

25
Q

how do our macronutrients get into the TCA cycle?

A

carbs: glycolysis
fats: B-oxidation
proteins: AA oxidation

26
Q

what catalyzes the prep step of Krebs?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

27
Q

what are the 5 cofactors of the TCA cycle?

A 
NAD
CoA
FAD
TTP
lipoate
28
Q

what inhibits Krebs?

A

Acetyl-CoA
NADH
high energy
covalent modification

29
Q

what stimulates Krebs?

A 
low energy 
decreased product
epinephrine
Ca2+
insulin
30
Q

what is the main purpose of Krebs?

A

produce high energy products NADH and FADH2 to send to ETS

31
Q

where does glyolysis take place?

A

cytosol

32
Q

how do you get electrons from NADH produced in the cytosol into the mitochondria to donate electrons to ETS?

A

malate aspartate shuttle- electrons as NADH

glycerophosphate shuttle- electrons as FADH2

33
Q

what enzyme is needed in the malate aspartate shuttle?

A

malate dehydrogenase

34
Q

what enzyme is needed in the glycerophosphate shuttle?

A

glycerophosphate dehydrogenase

35
Q

where is gluconeogenesis located?

A

cytosol and mitochondrial matrix

36
Q

what stimulates and inhibits gluconeogenesis?

A

stimulate- glucagon

inhibit- insulin

37
Q

what is the rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis?

A

fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase overcome the PFK obstacle

38
Q

what inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and stimulate PFK?

A

increased AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

39
Q

what stimulates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

increased ATP and citrate

40
Q

glycogenolysis is faster or slower than GNG?

A

faster but also burns out faster

41
Q

what breaks a(1-4) bonds?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

42
Q

what forms a(1-4) bonds?

A

glycogen synthase

43
Q

what forms a(1-6) bonds?

A

glycosyl-(4:6)-transferase

44
Q

what protein is required to initiate a new glycogen granule? what AA does it need?

A

glycogenin and it needs tyrosine

45
Q

what is the regulatory enzyme of glycogenesis?

A

glycogen synthase

46
Q

what pathway neither uses nor produces ATP?

A

pentose phosphate pathway/ hexose monophosphate pathway

47
Q

the oxidative phase of PPP produces?

A

NADPH

48
Q

the non-oxidative phase of PPP produces?

A

interconversion of sugars- ribose-5-phosphate

link to glycolysis making G-6-P available

49
Q

what is the rate limiting step of PPP?

A

G-6-P dehydrogenase

50
Q

what does NADPH provide electrons for?

A 
fatty acid synthesis
cholesterol synthesis
nucleotide synthesis
detox
respiratory bursts
antioxidant regeneration
51
Q

PPP makes toxins water soluble for excretion by adding electrons and oxygen in a process called?

A

cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system in the liver

52
Q

what are the cofactors for SOD and what does it produce?

A

zinc, copper, manganese

produces hydrogen peroxide

53
Q

glutathione peroxidase needs what and does what?

A

needs selenium

eliminates hydrogen peroxide

54
Q

what does catalase need and what does it do?

A

needs iron

eliminates hydrogen peroxide
neutrophils

found in cell peroxisomes

55
Q

interconversion of sugars require what enzymes?

A

transketolase and transaldolase

NBCE sample questions and important info (27 decks)

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