biochemistry important stuff

Question 1

which enzyme class transfer H in redox reaction?

Answer 1

oxidoreductase- uses NAD+ and FAD+

dehydrogenase and reductase

Question 2

which enzyme class transfers a functional group (2 reactants and 2 products)?

Answer 2

transferases

*kinases, phosphatases, transaminases

Question 3

which enzyme class rearranges reactant (1 reactant and 1 product)?

Answer 3

isomerase

Question 4

which enzyme class has H2O as the reactant? (hydrolysis)

Answer 4

hydrolase

*digestive enzymes- proteases, lipases, amylases

Question 5

which enzyme class breaks C-C, C-S, C-N bonds without hydrolysis or redox?

Answer 5

lyase

decarboxylases- remove CO2

Question 6

which enzyme class joins bonds between C&O, S or N and uses ATP?

Answer 6

ligases- add CO2

carboxylases- biotin

Question 7

what is the rate limiting enzyme in a pathway?

Answer 7

allosteric regulation

Question 8

when there is a high level of substrate that pushes a reaction to completion this is positive or negative allosteric regulation?

Answer 8

positive

Question 9

when there is a high level of product that slows down the reaction this is a positive or negative allosteric regulation?

Answer 9

negative- feedback inhibition

Question 10

what type of enzyme regulation adds or removes a phosphate group?

Answer 10

covalent modification

kinases and phosphatases

Question 11

what is the term for gene expression to control enzyme concentration?

Answer 11

enzyme induction- slow

Question 12

which monosaccharides are anomeric on C1?

Answer 12

glucose and galatose

Question 13

which monosaccharides are anomeric on C2?

Answer 13

fructose

Question 14

which pathway is stimulated by short bursts of exercise and burns out quickly?

Answer 14

ATP-PC
phosphocreatine system
creatine phosphate system

Question 15

which enzyme and cofactor are needed for the ATP-PC pathway?

Answer 15

creatine kinase

magnesium

Question 16

what is the primary reaction and product of glycolysis?

Answer 16

reactant- glucose

product- pyruvate and ATP

Question 17

what are the regulatory enzymes of glycolysis?

Answer 17

hexokinase/glucokinase

pyruvate kinase

Question 18

what is the key rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

Answer 18

phosphofructokinase

Question 19

what are the fates of pyruvate from glycolysis?

Answer 19

alanine- glucose alanine cycle
lactate- fast glycolysis; Cori cycle also increased NADH (alcohol metabolism)
acetyl-CoA- glycolysis and krebs link

Question 20

where can you find hexokinase and what does it do?

Answer 20

present in most tissues; locks glucose into the cell- committed; HIGH affinity for glucose (low Km)

Question 21

where can you find glucokinase and what does it do?

Answer 21

liver and pancreas; stimulated by fructose and insulin; LOW affinity for glucose (high Km)

Question 22

which cycle has the greatest production of ATP?

Answer 22

aerobic respiration/ cellular respiration

Question 23

what is described as producing ATP using energy created by electron flow down the ETS to final electron acceptor, O2?

Answer 23

oxidative phosphorylation

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Question 24

what are the end products of aerobic metabolism?

Answer 24

CO2
H20
ATP

Question 25

how do our macronutrients get into the TCA cycle?

Answer 25

carbs: glycolysis fats: B-oxidation proteins: AA oxidation

Question 26

what catalyzes the prep step of Krebs?

Answer 26

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 27

what are the 5 cofactors of the TCA cycle?

Answer 27

``` NAD CoA FAD TTP lipoate ```

Question 28

what inhibits Krebs?

Answer 28

Acetyl-CoA NADH high energy covalent modification

Question 29

what stimulates Krebs?

Answer 29

``` low energy decreased product epinephrine Ca2+ insulin ```

Question 30

what is the main purpose of Krebs?

Answer 30

produce high energy products NADH and FADH2 to send to ETS

Question 31

where does glyolysis take place?

Answer 31

cytosol

Question 32

how do you get electrons from NADH produced in the cytosol into the mitochondria to donate electrons to ETS?

Answer 32

malate aspartate shuttle- electrons as NADH | glycerophosphate shuttle- electrons as FADH2

Question 33

what enzyme is needed in the malate aspartate shuttle?

Answer 33

malate dehydrogenase

Question 34

what enzyme is needed in the glycerophosphate shuttle?

Answer 34

glycerophosphate dehydrogenase

Question 35

where is gluconeogenesis located?

Answer 35

cytosol and mitochondrial matrix

Question 36

what stimulates and inhibits gluconeogenesis?

Answer 36

stimulate- glucagon | inhibit- insulin

Question 37

what is the rate limiting step of gluconeogenesis?

Answer 37

fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase overcome the PFK obstacle

Question 38

what inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and stimulate PFK?

Answer 38

increased AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Question 39

what stimulates fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase?

Answer 39

increased ATP and citrate

Question 40

glycogenolysis is faster or slower than GNG?

Answer 40

faster but also burns out faster

Question 41

what breaks a(1-4) bonds?

Answer 41

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 42

what forms a(1-4) bonds?

Answer 42

glycogen synthase

Question 43

what forms a(1-6) bonds?

Answer 43

glycosyl-(4:6)-transferase

Question 44

what protein is required to initiate a new glycogen granule? what AA does it need?

Answer 44

glycogenin and it needs tyrosine

Question 45

what is the regulatory enzyme of glycogenesis?

Answer 45

glycogen synthase

Question 46

what pathway neither uses nor produces ATP?

Answer 46

pentose phosphate pathway/ hexose monophosphate pathway

Question 47

the oxidative phase of PPP produces?

Answer 47

NADPH

Question 48

the non-oxidative phase of PPP produces?

Answer 48

interconversion of sugars- ribose-5-phosphate | link to glycolysis making G-6-P available

Question 49

what is the rate limiting step of PPP?

Answer 49

G-6-P dehydrogenase

Question 50

what does NADPH provide electrons for?

Answer 50

``` fatty acid synthesis cholesterol synthesis nucleotide synthesis detox respiratory bursts antioxidant regeneration ```

Question 51

PPP makes toxins water soluble for excretion by adding electrons and oxygen in a process called?

Answer 51

cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system in the liver

Question 52

what are the cofactors for SOD and what does it produce?

Answer 52

zinc, copper, manganese produces hydrogen peroxide

Question 53

glutathione peroxidase needs what and does what?

Answer 53

needs selenium eliminates hydrogen peroxide

Question 54

what does catalase need and what does it do?

Answer 54

needs iron eliminates hydrogen peroxide neutrophils found in cell peroxisomes

Question 55

interconversion of sugars require what enzymes?

Answer 55

transketolase and transaldolase