physiology extra stuff

Question 1

which mechanoreceptor is unencapsulated, large, slow adapting, type 1 and is located in the upper skin layers on areas with hair?

Answer 1

merkel’s discs

Question 2

when a fiber is unencapsulated what does that do to its function?

Answer 2

unencapsulated allows for a sustained response

Merkel’s discs are unencapsulated

Question 3

what is the function of Merkel’s discs?

Answer 3

pressure and texture
tactile sensation, light discriminate touch

allow finger tips to feel detailed surface patterns

Question 4

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 receptors?

Answer 4

type 1 have a small receptive field so they are more fine tuned

type 2 have large receptive fields with sustained response but less to do with perception; ruffini and stretch

Question 5

which mechanoreceptor is fast adapting, encapsulated and located in highly sensitive areas like finger tips and lips?

Answer 5

meissner’s corpuscles

Question 6

what is the function of meissner’s corpuscles?

Answer 6

tactile corpuscle, sensitive to shape and textural changes and discriminate touch as well as low frequency vibration

do not detect pain, only know that a stimulus is there

Question 7

what is the difference between merkels and meissners

Answer 7

meissners detect changes in texture and vibration and are FAST

merkels detect sustained touch and pressure and are SLOW

Question 8

what type of mechanoreceptor is deeper in the skin, encapsulated and slower; bulbous corpuscles?

Answer 8

ruffini endings

Question 9

what is the function of ruffini endings?

Answer 9

detect tension deep in the skin- allow for grip or movement
thermoreceptor for warmth
proprioception and kinesthesia (movement awareness)

Question 10

what type of mechanoreceptor is deeper in the skin, rapid and encapsulated?

Answer 10

pacinian corpuscles

Question 11

what is the function of pacinian corpuscles?

Answer 11

high frequency vibration and pressure- detect surface structure (rough vs smooth)

deep pressure

Question 12

what are bulboid corpuscle/krause end bulbs function?

Answer 12

thermoreceptors sensing cold

touch and pressure

Question 13

which nociceptor is a myelinated fast responder with a small field for precise localized pain?

Answer 13

a-delta fibers

Question 14

which nociceptor is unmyelinated, slow and with a large field for broad pain?

Answer 14

C fibers

Question 15

which tract is responsible for pain and where is it located?

Answer 15

tract of lissauer

Rexed lamina I and II

Question 16

what tract are merkel’s discs involved in?

Answer 16

anterior spinothalamic- light touch and pressure

Question 17

what tracts are meissner’s involved with?

Answer 17

dorsal columns- gracilis and cuneatus

Question 18

what area of the brain is responsible for speech production?

Answer 18

Broca’s area- Broadmann 44 and 45

Question 19

what area is responsible for comprehension of spoken and written word?

Answer 19

Wernicke’s area- Broadmann 22

Question 20

which broadmann area is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 20

4- origin of corticospinal tracts

Question 21

what are broadmann areas 41 and 42?

Answer 21

primary auditory cortex

Question 22

what is broadmann area 17?

Answer 22

primary visual cortex

Question 23

what lobe is the primary somatosensory involved in spatial sense, proprioception, touch and language processing?

Answer 23

parietal lobe

Question 24

which lobe contains the dopamine system involved in reward, attention, short term memory, planning and motivation?

Answer 24

frontal lobe

Question 25

which lobe is responsible for retention of visual memory, language comprehension and emotion association?

Answer 25

temporal lobe

Question 26

which steroid hormone acts as a growth hormone for reproductive organs, lining of vagina, important for maintaining oocytes on ovaries and also prevent apoptosis of sperm cells in males?

Answer 26

estradiol

Question 27

what can estradiol be converted into in males?

Answer 27

testosterone

Question 28

what is the most potent and prevalent endogenous estrogen, aka active estrogen?

Answer 28

estradiol

Question 29

what are the differences in estradiol, estrone and estriol?

Answer 29

estradiol E1- strongest and active; present throughout

estrone E2-MENOPAUSE weaker, can be converted into estradiol-precursor; belly fat

estriol E3- placental estrogen, pregnancy