Pathology added Flashcards
This is an autosomal dominant mutation that is characterized by dysfunctional soft tissue repair and trauma to a tissue resulting in heterotopic ossification?
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
This type of calcification is characterized by the accum of Ca in normal tissue
Metastatic calcification
Hypercalcemia
What are the nuclear changes of necrosis?
Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Dissolution of chromatin- nuclear fading
Karyolysis
DNA condensing into shrunken basophilic mass- nuclear shrinkage
Pyknosis
Pyknosis nuclei rupture- nuclear fragmentation
Karyorrhexis
Necrosis found in an extremity caused by peripheral vascular disease
Gangrenous necrosis
What are fast acting, acute inflammatory cells that contain granules?
Granulocytes
What are slow acting, long lasting with no granule cells?
Agranulocytes
What are the functional signs of inflammation
Rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio Laesa
What is the pattern recognition receptor of acute inflammation that recognizes all types of infectious pathogens and is located in plasma membrane?
Toll-like receptors
What PRR of acute inflammation recognizes products of dead cells and crystals and located in cytoplasm?
Inflammasome
What is the transmigration of leukocytes into the cells?
Diapedesis
Any -itis that is protein rich?
Exudate
Protein poor?
Transudate
CHF
What are the 5 steps to leukocyte recruitment?
- Margination and rolling (selectins)
- Firm adhesion to endothelium (integrins)
- Transmigration
- Chemotaxis
IgG component of phagocytosis, target/label cell for destruction, enhance macrophage binding
Opsonins
Targeting or labeling cell for destruction
Opsonization
Type of inflammation near surface characterized by shedding of necrotic tissue
Ulcerative
What is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus?
Chemotaxis
Bacteria move for food or from poison
Also movement during development
What are arachadonic metabolites that inhibit chemotaxis and are anti-inflammatory?
Lipoxins- lipoxygenase interaction products- eicosanoids
What are cell-derived mediators of inflammation that increase WBC, adhesion and migration and produced by mast cells, endothelial cells and macrophages?
Cytokines
ROS are produced by?
Neutrophils and macrophages
Lysosomal enzymes are produced by?
Neutrophils and monocytes
What cell-derived mediators of inflammation initiate inflammation, pain and vascular tone/permeability.
Neuropeptides- Substance P
What plasma protein derived mediator of inflammation is involved in opsonization and MACs?
Complement proteins- vasodilator and increase permeability
What plasma protein system is involved in inflammation, BP control, coagulation and pain and what does it produce?
Kinin system
Produces bradykinin and vasodilators
What is an inflammatory mediator that causes blood vessels to dilate and therefore causes decrease in BP?
Bradykinin
What are the 2 types of macrophage activiation?
Classical- brought on by microbes, endotoxins and cytokines (INF-y) microbicidal action and inflammation
Alternative- cytokines, mast cells, eosinophils; tissue repair and anti-inflammatory
Increase in leukocytes
Leukocytosis
Extreme increase in leukocytes, mimics leukemia, involved in chronic inflammation
Leukemoid reactions
What promotes entry into the cell cycle? (G0-G1)
Growth factors
Regulators of the cell cycle?
Cyclins
What cells produce growth factors?
Macrophages, lymphocytes, stromal and parenchymal cells
What are parenchymal and stromal cells?
Parenchyma- functional part of an organ
Stromal- CT cells of any organ that support parenchymal cells (fibroblasts, pericytes)
What are growth factor signaling mechanisms?
Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
What is found between cells in connective tissue and is produced by fibroblasts?
Interstitial matrix
What is a specialized membrane found around cavities and organ surfaces produced by epithelium?
Basement membrane
Components of ECM
Fibrous proteins- collagen and elastin
Water hydrated gels- hyaluron and proteoglycans
Adhesive glycoproteins- fibronectin, laminin, integrins, selectins
Fibrosis is?
Scar formation
What is the formation of new blood vessels?
Angiogenesis- migration, growth and differentiation of endothelial cells
What enzymes breakdown collagen and are produced by fibroblasts and macrophages?
MMPs- matrix metalloproteinases
Zinc is cofactor
Excessive collagen formation, raised scar
Keloid
Healing by first intention
1 month- minimal cell death and greater epithelial regeneration
Healing by second intention
Greater than 6 six weeks- abundant scar formation and wound contraction; myofibroblasts
Active Increasing of blood volume in tissues
Hyperemia
Passive increase of blood volume in tissues
Congestion
What type of pressure pushes water out, increases vascular pressure and most likely caused by impaired venous return?
Increased Hydrostatic pressure- BP
What type of pressure pulls water in, can be caused by decrease in albumin production or increased loss of albumin?
Reduced plasma Osmotic pressure- plasma proteins
Cirrhosis, hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome
What type of edema is transudate fluid with no osmosis?
Pitting edema
What type of edema is exudate with osmosis?
Non-pitting edema
What are the 3 factors of virchows triad?
Endothelial injury
Abnormal blood flow
Hypercoagulability
