Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NBCE sample questions and important info > Pathology added > Flashcards

Pathology added Flashcards

1
Q

This is an autosomal dominant mutation that is characterized by dysfunctional soft tissue repair and trauma to a tissue resulting in heterotopic ossification?

A

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This type of calcification is characterized by the accum of Ca in normal tissue

A

Metastatic calcification

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the nuclear changes of necrosis?

A

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dissolution of chromatin- nuclear fading

A

Karyolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA condensing into shrunken basophilic mass- nuclear shrinkage

A

Pyknosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pyknosis nuclei rupture- nuclear fragmentation

A

Karyorrhexis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Necrosis found in an extremity caused by peripheral vascular disease

A

Gangrenous necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are fast acting, acute inflammatory cells that contain granules?

A

Granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are slow acting, long lasting with no granule cells?

A

Agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functional signs of inflammation

A

Rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio Laesa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pattern recognition receptor of acute inflammation that recognizes all types of infectious pathogens and is located in plasma membrane?

A

Toll-like receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What PRR of acute inflammation recognizes products of dead cells and crystals and located in cytoplasm?

A

Inflammasome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the transmigration of leukocytes into the cells?

A

Diapedesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Any -itis that is protein rich?

A

Exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protein poor?

A

Transudate

CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 5 steps to leukocyte recruitment?

A
  1. Margination and rolling (selectins)
  2. Firm adhesion to endothelium (integrins)
  3. Transmigration
  4. Chemotaxis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IgG component of phagocytosis, target/label cell for destruction, enhance macrophage binding

A

Opsonins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Targeting or labeling cell for destruction

A

Opsonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type of inflammation near surface characterized by shedding of necrotic tissue

A

Ulcerative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus?

A

Chemotaxis

Bacteria move for food or from poison
Also movement during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are arachadonic metabolites that inhibit chemotaxis and are anti-inflammatory?

A

Lipoxins- lipoxygenase interaction products- eicosanoids

22
Q

What are cell-derived mediators of inflammation that increase WBC, adhesion and migration and produced by mast cells, endothelial cells and macrophages?

A

Cytokines

23
Q

ROS are produced by?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

24
Q

Lysosomal enzymes are produced by?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

25
Q

What cell-derived mediators of inflammation initiate inflammation, pain and vascular tone/permeability.

A

Neuropeptides- Substance P

26
Q

What plasma protein derived mediator of inflammation is involved in opsonization and MACs?

A

Complement proteins- vasodilator and increase permeability

27
Q

What plasma protein system is involved in inflammation, BP control, coagulation and pain and what does it produce?

A

Kinin system

Produces bradykinin and vasodilators

28
Q

What is an inflammatory mediator that causes blood vessels to dilate and therefore causes decrease in BP?

A

Bradykinin

29
Q

What are the 2 types of macrophage activiation?

A

Classical- brought on by microbes, endotoxins and cytokines (INF-y) microbicidal action and inflammation
Alternative- cytokines, mast cells, eosinophils; tissue repair and anti-inflammatory

30
Q

Increase in leukocytes

A

Leukocytosis

31
Q

Extreme increase in leukocytes, mimics leukemia, involved in chronic inflammation

A

Leukemoid reactions

32
Q

What promotes entry into the cell cycle? (G0-G1)

A

Growth factors

33
Q

Regulators of the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

34
Q

What cells produce growth factors?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, stromal and parenchymal cells

35
Q

What are parenchymal and stromal cells?

A

Parenchyma- functional part of an organ

Stromal- CT cells of any organ that support parenchymal cells (fibroblasts, pericytes)

36
Q

What are growth factor signaling mechanisms?

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine

37
Q

What is found between cells in connective tissue and is produced by fibroblasts?

A

Interstitial matrix

38
Q

What is a specialized membrane found around cavities and organ surfaces produced by epithelium?

A

Basement membrane

39
Q

Components of ECM

A

Fibrous proteins- collagen and elastin
Water hydrated gels- hyaluron and proteoglycans
Adhesive glycoproteins- fibronectin, laminin, integrins, selectins

40
Q

Fibrosis is?

A

Scar formation

41
Q

What is the formation of new blood vessels?

A

Angiogenesis- migration, growth and differentiation of endothelial cells

42
Q

What enzymes breakdown collagen and are produced by fibroblasts and macrophages?

A

MMPs- matrix metalloproteinases

Zinc is cofactor

43
Q

Excessive collagen formation, raised scar

A

Keloid

44
Q

Healing by first intention

A

1 month- minimal cell death and greater epithelial regeneration

45
Q

Healing by second intention

A

Greater than 6 six weeks- abundant scar formation and wound contraction; myofibroblasts

46
Q

Active Increasing of blood volume in tissues

A

Hyperemia

47
Q

Passive increase of blood volume in tissues

A

Congestion

48
Q

What type of pressure pushes water out, increases vascular pressure and most likely caused by impaired venous return?

A

Increased Hydrostatic pressure- BP

49
Q

What type of pressure pulls water in, can be caused by decrease in albumin production or increased loss of albumin?

A

Reduced plasma Osmotic pressure- plasma proteins

Cirrhosis, hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome

50
Q

What type of edema is transudate fluid with no osmosis?

A

Pitting edema

51
Q

What type of edema is exudate with osmosis?

A

Non-pitting edema

52
Q

What are the 3 factors of virchows triad?

A

Endothelial injury
Abnormal blood flow
Hypercoagulability

NBCE sample questions and important info (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions