Pathology added

Question 1

This is an autosomal dominant mutation that is characterized by dysfunctional soft tissue repair and trauma to a tissue resulting in heterotopic ossification?

Answer 1

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Question 2

This type of calcification is characterized by the accum of Ca in normal tissue

Answer 2

Metastatic calcification

Hypercalcemia

Question 3

What are the nuclear changes of necrosis?

Answer 3

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis

Question 4

Dissolution of chromatin- nuclear fading

Answer 4

Karyolysis

Question 5

DNA condensing into shrunken basophilic mass- nuclear shrinkage

Answer 5

Pyknosis

Question 6

Pyknosis nuclei rupture- nuclear fragmentation

Answer 6

Karyorrhexis

Question 7

Necrosis found in an extremity caused by peripheral vascular disease

Answer 7

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 8

What are fast acting, acute inflammatory cells that contain granules?

Answer 8

Granulocytes

Question 9

What are slow acting, long lasting with no granule cells?

Answer 9

Agranulocytes

Question 10

What are the functional signs of inflammation

Answer 10

Rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio Laesa

Question 11

What is the pattern recognition receptor of acute inflammation that recognizes all types of infectious pathogens and is located in plasma membrane?

Answer 11

Toll-like receptors

Question 12

What PRR of acute inflammation recognizes products of dead cells and crystals and located in cytoplasm?

Answer 12

Inflammasome

Question 13

What is the transmigration of leukocytes into the cells?

Answer 13

Diapedesis

Question 14

Any -itis that is protein rich?

Answer 14

Exudate

Question 15

Protein poor?

Answer 15

Transudate

CHF

Question 16

What are the 5 steps to leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 16

1. Margination and rolling (selectins)
2. Firm adhesion to endothelium (integrins)
3. Transmigration
4. Chemotaxis

Question 17

IgG component of phagocytosis, target/label cell for destruction, enhance macrophage binding

Answer 17

Opsonins

Question 18

Targeting or labeling cell for destruction

Answer 18

Opsonization

Question 19

Type of inflammation near surface characterized by shedding of necrotic tissue

Answer 19

Ulcerative

Question 20

What is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus?

Answer 20

Chemotaxis

Bacteria move for food or from poison
Also movement during development

Question 21

What are arachadonic metabolites that inhibit chemotaxis and are anti-inflammatory?

Answer 21

Lipoxins- lipoxygenase interaction products- eicosanoids

Question 22

What are cell-derived mediators of inflammation that increase WBC, adhesion and migration and produced by mast cells, endothelial cells and macrophages?

Answer 22

Cytokines

Question 23

ROS are produced by?

Answer 23

Neutrophils and macrophages

Question 24

Lysosomal enzymes are produced by?

Answer 24

Neutrophils and monocytes

Question 25

What cell-derived mediators of inflammation initiate inflammation, pain and vascular tone/permeability.

Answer 25

Neuropeptides- Substance P

Question 26

What plasma protein derived mediator of inflammation is involved in opsonization and MACs?

Answer 26

Complement proteins- vasodilator and increase permeability

Question 27

What plasma protein system is involved in inflammation, BP control, coagulation and pain and what does it produce?

Answer 27

Kinin system Produces bradykinin and vasodilators

Question 28

What is an inflammatory mediator that causes blood vessels to dilate and therefore causes decrease in BP?

Answer 28

Bradykinin

Question 29

What are the 2 types of macrophage activiation?

Answer 29

Classical- brought on by microbes, endotoxins and cytokines (INF-y) microbicidal action and inflammation Alternative- cytokines, mast cells, eosinophils; tissue repair and anti-inflammatory

Question 30

Increase in leukocytes

Answer 30

Leukocytosis

Question 31

Extreme increase in leukocytes, mimics leukemia, involved in chronic inflammation

Answer 31

Leukemoid reactions

Question 32

What promotes entry into the cell cycle? (G0-G1)

Answer 32

Growth factors

Question 33

Regulators of the cell cycle?

Answer 33

Cyclins

Question 34

What cells produce growth factors?

Answer 34

Macrophages, lymphocytes, stromal and parenchymal cells

Question 35

What are parenchymal and stromal cells?

Answer 35

Parenchyma- functional part of an organ | Stromal- CT cells of any organ that support parenchymal cells (fibroblasts, pericytes)

Question 36

What are growth factor signaling mechanisms?

Answer 36

Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine

Question 37

What is found between cells in connective tissue and is produced by fibroblasts?

Answer 37

Interstitial matrix

Question 38

What is a specialized membrane found around cavities and organ surfaces produced by epithelium?

Answer 38

Basement membrane

Question 39

Components of ECM

Answer 39

Fibrous proteins- collagen and elastin Water hydrated gels- hyaluron and proteoglycans Adhesive glycoproteins- fibronectin, laminin, integrins, selectins

Question 40

Fibrosis is?

Answer 40

Scar formation

Question 41

What is the formation of new blood vessels?

Answer 41

Angiogenesis- migration, growth and differentiation of endothelial cells

Question 42

What enzymes breakdown collagen and are produced by fibroblasts and macrophages?

Answer 42

MMPs- matrix metalloproteinases Zinc is cofactor

Question 43

Excessive collagen formation, raised scar

Answer 43

Keloid

Question 44

Healing by first intention

Answer 44

1 month- minimal cell death and greater epithelial regeneration

Question 45

Healing by second intention

Answer 45

Greater than 6 six weeks- abundant scar formation and wound contraction; myofibroblasts

Question 46

Active Increasing of blood volume in tissues

Answer 46

Hyperemia

Question 47

Passive increase of blood volume in tissues

Answer 47

Congestion

Question 48

What type of pressure pushes water out, increases vascular pressure and most likely caused by impaired venous return?

Answer 48

Increased Hydrostatic pressure- BP

Question 49

What type of pressure pulls water in, can be caused by decrease in albumin production or increased loss of albumin?

Answer 49

Reduced plasma Osmotic pressure- plasma proteins Cirrhosis, hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome

Question 50

What type of edema is transudate fluid with no osmosis?

Answer 50

Pitting edema

Question 51

What type of edema is exudate with osmosis?

Answer 51

Non-pitting edema

Question 52

What are the 3 factors of virchows triad?

Answer 52

Endothelial injury Abnormal blood flow Hypercoagulability