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VETM 425 > Special Senses Part 1 > Flashcards

Special Senses Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between the palpebral conjunctiva and the bulbar conjunctiva ?

A

conjunctiva is the mucus membrane
the palpebral conjunciva is the back of the eyelids and the bulbar conjunctiva covers the globe surface and the limbus

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2
Q

what does uveitis mean?

A

inflammation of the vascular layer of the eye, the uvea

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3
Q

what is the term for inflammation of the uvea and the three ocular chambers (anterior, posterior, and vitreous)

A

endopthalmitis

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4
Q

what is a hypopyon?
what is a hyphema?

A

hypopyon: accumulation of neutrophils and fibrin that settles ventrally in the anterior chamber of the eye
hyphema: accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber

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5
Q

what is this?

A

hypopyon

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6
Q

what is this an example of?

A

hyphema

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7
Q

the inner most layer of the cornea is called the

A

descemet’s membrane

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8
Q

the cornea is mainly in a ________ state

A

dehydrated

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9
Q

inflammation of the cornea is called

A

keratitis

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10
Q

what is the name of the strain you use to see corneal ulcers?

A

fluorescin

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11
Q

what is a common sequelae of chronic corneal irritation?

A

cutaneous metaplasia of the surface epithelium where the surface thickens, rete pegs are formed, pigmentation occur as well as some fibrosis and vascularization (the cornea is becoming more like skin)

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12
Q

a deep corneal ulcer that reaches down to the level of descemet’s membrane is called

A

a descemetocele, remember they don’t show up with staining but you can usually see the ulcer grossly

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13
Q

what is this lesion called?

A

a descemetocele

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14
Q

what is an indolent ulcer? what animal are they most common in?

A

when an ulcer fails to heal with no specific cause. the newly formed epithelium fails to adhere to the underlying stroma. common in dogs

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15
Q

what is this showing?

A

an indolent ulcer

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16
Q

what kind of ulcer can be sterile but usually involved bacterial or fungal infection?

A

melting ulcers

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17
Q

what are two common etiologies that can cause this condition?

A

melting ulcer
gram negative bacteria
fungus especially in horses (keratomycosis)

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18
Q

what is KCS? who is it common in?

A

keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dessication (removal of moisture) due to reduced quantity of the tear film
common in dogs

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19
Q

what is a dermoid?

A

a developmental abnormality where you have ectopic hair follicles and adenexal glands/sebacceous glands

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20
Q

aberrant proliferation of normal tissue in an abnormal location is called

A

choristoma

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21
Q

aberrant proliferation of normal tissue in a normal location is called

A

hamartoma

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22
Q

what is the actual name for pink eye in cattle? what is it caused by? Cattle can have this disease concurrently with what other disease? When are outbreaks more common?

A

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
caused by gram positive bacteria like morazella bovis
concurrent with ibfectious bovine rhinotracheitis caused by bovine herpes virus 1
outbreaks more common in the summer

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23
Q

a producer tells you a bunch of his cows have pink eye and you go out to the farm to examine them. When you arrive (it is summer time, nice and hot), you notice there are many flies buzzing around bothering you and the herd of cattle. What is your immediate reaction?

A

flies are important vectors of pink eye so you should tell the producer to control the fly populations to reduce infection

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24
Q

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis can progress to

A

phthisis (thai-sis) bulbi (end stage scarring and atrophy of the eye, yikes!)

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25
Q

what disease is this?

A

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivits (pink eye)

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26
Q

how can you tell the difference between pink eye and hypopyon from a sepsis case?

A

a hypopyon won’t have any conjunctivitis (inflammation of the mucus membrane of the eye) and there will not be ulcerations

27
Q

what ocular disease in cats is caused by feline herpes virus 1? is this more common in adults or kittens?

A

herpesvirus keratitis
more common in kittens

28
Q

the most common cause of keratitis in cats is

A

feline herpesvirus 1 (herpes virus keratitis)

29
Q

feline herpes virus targets what 3 areas?

A

upper respiratory tract, conjunctiva, and cornea

30
Q

what are some clinical signs of herpesvirus keratitis in cats?

A

rhinotracheitis, conjunctivitis +- keratitis in kittens, corneal ulceration with a dendritic pattern

31
Q

what disease is this in a cat?

A

herpesvirus keratitis

32
Q

there is a possible association between herpesvirus keratitis in cats and ________ and _______

A

feline sequestrum, feline eosinophilic keratitis

33
Q

what are two common secondary bacterial infections cats can get with herpesvirus keratitis?

A

chlamydia felis and mycoplasma felis

34
Q

eosinophilic keratitis happens commonly in ____ and _____, and has the following gross features:

A

CATS> horses
starts lateral as raised white to pink plaques on the cornea/conjunctivita, cytology reveals eosinophils

35
Q

corneal sequestrums are most common in _____ and are often associated with:
on hist you will see:

A

cats
central accumulation of orange to brown pigment in the superficial stroma
histo: area of necrotic stroma (stroma is the thick connetive tissue part of the cornea)

36
Q

what 3 cat breeds are predisposed to corneal sequestrums?

A

persian, himalayan, and siamese

37
Q

which breeds are predisposed to pannus? what is another name for this disease? is it unilateral or bilateral? what is the cause?

A

german shepherds and sighthounds
chronic superficial keratitis of dogs
usually bilateral
it is an immune mediated disease and is associated with solar radiation exposure

38
Q

what is this disease in a cat?

A

eosinophilic keratitis

39
Q

dogs can get limbal melanocytic neoplasia, majority are ______. How do these tumors appear?

A

benign melanocytomas
darkly pigmented, expansile

40
Q

what kind of tumor is this in a dog?

A

limbal melanocytic neoplasia (probably a benign melanocytoma)

41
Q

persistent pupillary membranes are most common in _____. what kind of disease is this?

A

dogs, this is a congential condition

42
Q

uveal cysts are comon in ____. Do they occur in young or old animals? Are they benign or malignant?

A

dogs
usually older animals
usually benign and degenerate EXCEPT FOR the golden retriever

43
Q

lens induced uveitis is officially called _____ and it occurs secondary to _____. What is the very basic pathogenesis?

A

phacoclastic uveitis
trauma
the lens protein is recognized as foreign which leads to immune mediated inflammation

44
Q

what is the actual name for moon blindness? how does this disease usually present? This disease has an association with what infectious agent?

A

equine recurrent uveitis
usually recurrent and progressive episodes of uveitis
associated with leptospira spp

45
Q

what are two possible sequelae of uveitis?

A

anterior or posterior synechiae
phthisis bulbi

46
Q

list an etiology that causes uveitis in each of the following species: bovine, feline, rabbit

A

bovine: malignant catarrhal fever
feline: feline infectious peritonitis
rabbit: encephalitozoon caniculi

47
Q

a cat named Cheese Grater is at the clinic today and you see this in his eye. What are you concerned about it being, and what do you tell the owner?

A

Cheese Grater probably has feline diffuse iris melanoma which is a malignant neoplasia that can metastasize outside the eye. I will tell the owner that the progression of this disease can be slow or fast and so I would recommend taking out the eye

48
Q

diabetic cataracts are often seen in what species? do these happen quickly?

A

dogs
usually bilateral and rapidly progessing

49
Q

what can happen if the lens capsule were to rupture in a dog due to a diabetic cataract?

A

phacoclastic uveitis

50
Q

what is the pathogenesis of a diabetic cataract in a dog?

A

high glucose levels in blood cause high glucose in the aqueos humor and excess glucose is absorbed by the lens and converted to sorbitol, which has a hyperosmotic effect fulling fluid into the lens causing the cataract

51
Q

what is the normal old age change we see in dogs with cloudy eyes?

A

nuclear sclerosis

52
Q

how do you tell the difference between nuclear sclerosis and cataract?

A

if you shine a light through the eye, with sclerosis you can see through the cloudiness but with a cataract you can’t

53
Q

this 10 year old dog presents to you and when you shine a light through it, you can see through it. What is this?

A

nuclear sclerosis

54
Q

regarding lens luxation, what are the major differences between anterior luxation and posterior luxation?

A

anterior luxation is painful and increases risk of glaucoma because it blocks the drainage (disrupts the iridocorneal angle)
posterior luxation is less likely to be problematic

55
Q

what is the second most common primary ocular tumor in cats? what is the cause, and how aggressive is it?

A

feline posttraumatic ocular sarcoma (originating from lens epithelium)
caused by ocular trauma or severe ocular disease (response can be delayed by years, it doesn’t happen right after the trauma occurs)
it is highly infiltrative and can move up the sclera and optic nerve

56
Q

what is the most common primary ocular tumor of cats?

A

diffuse iris melanoma

57
Q

feline post traumatic ocular sarcomas resemble feline injection site sarcomas in what 4 ways?

A

both trauma associated, both delayed onset, they are both sarcomas, and they are both invasive/agressive

58
Q

why is the retina prone to detachment?

A

it is only held in place at the optic nerve and ciliary body and it is held against the back of the eye by the vitreous fuid. this creates a potential space where fluids can accumulate and cause problems

59
Q

since much of the retina depends on diffusion from the choirod for nutrients, retinal detachment leads to

A

ischemic degernation

60
Q

glacuoma is most common in ____, and is a _______ with a variety of causes leading to___

A

dogs
clinical syndrome
reduced aqueous outflow and sustained elevated intraocular pressure

61
Q

primary glaucoma occurs without

A

significant acquired disease

62
Q

what is goniodysgenesis? what species is it most common?

A

maldevelopment of the trabecular meshwork where the aqeous drains, a failure in development. This is a risk factor for primary glaucoma. common in dogs esp purebreds

63
Q

what is secondary glaucoma and who gets it?

A

blockage of the iridocorneal angle by exudates and cells, horses get it! can have a variety of causes BUT REMEMBER glaucoma is not common in horses

VETM 425 (28 decks)

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