Special Senses Part 1

Question 1

what is the difference between the palpebral conjunctiva and the bulbar conjunctiva ?

Answer 1

conjunctiva is the mucus membrane
the palpebral conjunciva is the back of the eyelids and the bulbar conjunctiva covers the globe surface and the limbus

Question 2

what does uveitis mean?

Answer 2

inflammation of the vascular layer of the eye, the uvea

Question 3

what is the term for inflammation of the uvea and the three ocular chambers (anterior, posterior, and vitreous)

Answer 3

endopthalmitis

Question 4

what is a hypopyon?
what is a hyphema?

Answer 4

hypopyon: accumulation of neutrophils and fibrin that settles ventrally in the anterior chamber of the eye
hyphema: accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber

Question 5

what is this?

Answer 5

hypopyon

Question 6

what is this an example of?

Answer 6

hyphema

Question 7

the inner most layer of the cornea is called the

Answer 7

descemet’s membrane

Question 8

the cornea is mainly in a ________ state

Answer 8

dehydrated

Question 9

inflammation of the cornea is called

Answer 9

keratitis

Question 10

what is the name of the strain you use to see corneal ulcers?

Answer 10

fluorescin

Question 11

what is a common sequelae of chronic corneal irritation?

Answer 11

cutaneous metaplasia of the surface epithelium where the surface thickens, rete pegs are formed, pigmentation occur as well as some fibrosis and vascularization (the cornea is becoming more like skin)

Question 12

a deep corneal ulcer that reaches down to the level of descemet’s membrane is called

Answer 12

a descemetocele, remember they don’t show up with staining but you can usually see the ulcer grossly

Question 13

what is this lesion called?

Answer 13

a descemetocele

Question 14

what is an indolent ulcer? what animal are they most common in?

Answer 14

when an ulcer fails to heal with no specific cause. the newly formed epithelium fails to adhere to the underlying stroma. common in dogs

Question 15

what is this showing?

Answer 15

an indolent ulcer

Question 16

what kind of ulcer can be sterile but usually involved bacterial or fungal infection?

Answer 16

melting ulcers

Question 17

what are two common etiologies that can cause this condition?

Answer 17

melting ulcer
gram negative bacteria
fungus especially in horses (keratomycosis)

Question 18

what is KCS? who is it common in?

Answer 18

keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dessication (removal of moisture) due to reduced quantity of the tear film
common in dogs

Question 19

what is a dermoid?

Answer 19

a developmental abnormality where you have ectopic hair follicles and adenexal glands/sebacceous glands

Question 20

aberrant proliferation of normal tissue in an abnormal location is called

Answer 20

choristoma

Question 21

aberrant proliferation of normal tissue in a normal location is called

Answer 21

hamartoma

Question 22

what is the actual name for pink eye in cattle? what is it caused by? Cattle can have this disease concurrently with what other disease? When are outbreaks more common?

Answer 22

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
caused by gram positive bacteria like morazella bovis
concurrent with ibfectious bovine rhinotracheitis caused by bovine herpes virus 1
outbreaks more common in the summer

Question 23

a producer tells you a bunch of his cows have pink eye and you go out to the farm to examine them. When you arrive (it is summer time, nice and hot), you notice there are many flies buzzing around bothering you and the herd of cattle. What is your immediate reaction?

Answer 23

flies are important vectors of pink eye so you should tell the producer to control the fly populations to reduce infection

Question 24

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis can progress to

Answer 24

phthisis (thai-sis) bulbi (end stage scarring and atrophy of the eye, yikes!)

Question 25

what disease is this?

Answer 25

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivits (pink eye)

Question 26

how can you tell the difference between pink eye and hypopyon from a sepsis case?

Answer 26

a hypopyon won't have any conjunctivitis (inflammation of the mucus membrane of the eye) and there will not be ulcerations

Question 27

what ocular disease in cats is caused by feline herpes virus 1? is this more common in adults or kittens?

Answer 27

herpesvirus keratitis more common in kittens

Question 28

the most common cause of keratitis in cats is

Answer 28

feline herpesvirus 1 (herpes virus keratitis)

Question 29

feline herpes virus targets what 3 areas?

Answer 29

upper respiratory tract, conjunctiva, and cornea

Question 30

what are some clinical signs of herpesvirus keratitis in cats?

Answer 30

rhinotracheitis, conjunctivitis +- keratitis in kittens, corneal ulceration with a dendritic pattern

Question 31

what disease is this in a cat?

Answer 31

herpesvirus keratitis

Question 32

there is a possible association between herpesvirus keratitis in cats and ________ and _______

Answer 32

feline sequestrum, feline eosinophilic keratitis

Question 33

what are two common secondary bacterial infections cats can get with herpesvirus keratitis?

Answer 33

chlamydia felis and mycoplasma felis

Question 34

eosinophilic keratitis happens commonly in ____ and _____, and has the following gross features:

Answer 34

CATS> horses starts lateral as raised white to pink plaques on the cornea/conjunctivita, cytology reveals eosinophils

Question 35

corneal sequestrums are most common in _____ and are often associated with: on hist you will see:

Answer 35

cats central accumulation of orange to brown pigment in the superficial stroma histo: area of necrotic stroma (stroma is the thick connetive tissue part of the cornea)

Question 36

what 3 cat breeds are predisposed to corneal sequestrums?

Answer 36

persian, himalayan, and siamese

Question 37

which breeds are predisposed to pannus? what is another name for this disease? is it unilateral or bilateral? what is the cause?

Answer 37

german shepherds and sighthounds chronic superficial keratitis of dogs usually bilateral it is an immune mediated disease and is associated with solar radiation exposure

Question 38

what is this disease in a cat?

Answer 38

eosinophilic keratitis

Question 39

dogs can get limbal melanocytic neoplasia, majority are ______. How do these tumors appear?

Answer 39

benign melanocytomas darkly pigmented, expansile

Question 40

what kind of tumor is this in a dog?

Answer 40

limbal melanocytic neoplasia (probably a benign melanocytoma)

Question 41

persistent pupillary membranes are most common in _____. what kind of disease is this?

Answer 41

dogs, this is a congential condition

Question 42

uveal cysts are comon in ____. Do they occur in young or old animals? Are they benign or malignant?

Answer 42

dogs usually older animals usually benign and degenerate EXCEPT FOR the golden retriever

Question 43

lens induced uveitis is officially called _____ and it occurs secondary to _____. What is the very basic pathogenesis?

Answer 43

phacoclastic uveitis trauma the lens protein is recognized as foreign which leads to immune mediated inflammation

Question 44

what is the actual name for moon blindness? how does this disease usually present? This disease has an association with what infectious agent?

Answer 44

equine recurrent uveitis usually recurrent and progressive episodes of uveitis associated with leptospira spp

Question 45

what are two possible sequelae of uveitis?

Answer 45

anterior or posterior synechiae phthisis bulbi

Question 46

list an etiology that causes uveitis in each of the following species: bovine, feline, rabbit

Answer 46

bovine: malignant catarrhal fever feline: feline infectious peritonitis rabbit: encephalitozoon caniculi

Question 47

a cat named Cheese Grater is at the clinic today and you see this in his eye. What are you concerned about it being, and what do you tell the owner?

Answer 47

Cheese Grater probably has feline diffuse iris melanoma which is a malignant neoplasia that can metastasize outside the eye. I will tell the owner that the progression of this disease can be slow or fast and so I would recommend taking out the eye

Question 48

diabetic cataracts are often seen in what species? do these happen quickly?

Answer 48

dogs usually bilateral and rapidly progessing

Question 49

what can happen if the lens capsule were to rupture in a dog due to a diabetic cataract?

Answer 49

phacoclastic uveitis

Question 50

what is the pathogenesis of a diabetic cataract in a dog?

Answer 50

high glucose levels in blood cause high glucose in the aqueos humor and excess glucose is absorbed by the lens and converted to sorbitol, which has a hyperosmotic effect fulling fluid into the lens causing the cataract

Question 51

what is the normal old age change we see in dogs with cloudy eyes?

Answer 51

nuclear sclerosis

Question 52

how do you tell the difference between nuclear sclerosis and cataract?

Answer 52

if you shine a light through the eye, with sclerosis you can see through the cloudiness but with a cataract you can't

Question 53

this 10 year old dog presents to you and when you shine a light through it, you can see through it. What is this?

Answer 53

nuclear sclerosis

Question 54

regarding lens luxation, what are the major differences between anterior luxation and posterior luxation?

Answer 54

anterior luxation is painful and increases risk of glaucoma because it blocks the drainage (disrupts the iridocorneal angle) posterior luxation is less likely to be problematic

Question 55

what is the second most common primary ocular tumor in cats? what is the cause, and how aggressive is it?

Answer 55

feline posttraumatic ocular sarcoma (originating from lens epithelium) caused by ocular trauma or severe ocular disease (response can be delayed by years, it doesn't happen right after the trauma occurs) it is highly infiltrative and can move up the sclera and optic nerve

Question 56

what is the most common primary ocular tumor of cats?

Answer 56

diffuse iris melanoma

Question 57

feline post traumatic ocular sarcomas resemble feline injection site sarcomas in what 4 ways?

Answer 57

both trauma associated, both delayed onset, they are both sarcomas, and they are both invasive/agressive

Question 58

why is the retina prone to detachment?

Answer 58

it is only held in place at the optic nerve and ciliary body and it is held against the back of the eye by the vitreous fuid. this creates a potential space where fluids can accumulate and cause problems

Question 59

since much of the retina depends on diffusion from the choirod for nutrients, retinal detachment leads to

Answer 59

ischemic degernation

Question 60

glacuoma is most common in ____, and is a _______ with a variety of causes leading to___

Answer 60

dogs clinical syndrome reduced aqueous outflow and sustained elevated intraocular pressure

Question 61

primary glaucoma occurs without

Answer 61

significant acquired disease

Question 62

what is goniodysgenesis? what species is it most common?

Answer 62

maldevelopment of the trabecular meshwork where the aqeous drains, a failure in development. This is a risk factor for primary glaucoma. common in dogs esp purebreds

Question 63

what is secondary glaucoma and who gets it?

Answer 63

blockage of the iridocorneal angle by exudates and cells, horses get it! can have a variety of causes BUT REMEMBER glaucoma is not common in horses