GI 3: Small and Large Intestine Part 1 Flashcards
what is this?
h
hemomelasma ilei, believed to be a result of strongylus larvae migration
what is the difference between stenosis and atresia?
stenosis is a narrowing of the lumen so an INcomplete occlusion of the GI tract
atresia is complete occlusion of the lumen of the GI tract
what is atresia coli? what species is it common in?
a congenital disease where there is a complete occlusion of the colon. it is common in holstein calves in the spiral colon
what is atresia ani? what species is it most common?
a hereditary condition, an imperforate anus, common in calves and pigs
atresia ani usually often associated wth additionaly malformations in specifc areas. List 3
distal spinal column, genitourinary tract, intestinal atresia or agenesis
what is horseshoe kidney?
when the two kidneys fuse together
what are you seeing here?
rectal and anal atresia with a rectogenital fistula (and horseshow kidney)
what are the 4 types of acquired intestinal obstruction?
luminal, mural, external, functional
what is a good way to tell grossly where a linear foreign body is in a cat?
there will be pleating of the intestine wherever the FB is
what kind of obstruction is caused by enteroliths? what exactly are enteroliths made of?
luminal
usually made of minerals like magnesium, ammonium, phosphate, etc
where do horses usually get luminal obstructions?
the pelvic flexure and transverse (small) colon
what is this?
a linear foreign body
what is a mural intestinal obstruction?
ab obstruction ocurring in the wall of the intestine rather than in the lumen itself
jejunal hematoma is also called _______ and it most often happens in _______. What are some common gross findings?
hemorhagic bowel syndrome
dair cattle in mid lactation
gross findings: segmental intramural/intraluminal hemorrhage
what is this disease
jejunal hematoma
what is this disease
jejunal hematoma
what is the cause of jejunal hematoma?
we dont know but it’s NOT clostridium!
what is a common type of mural obstruction in pigs?
rectal stricture
what causes rectal stricture in pigs and what is the pathogenesis?
caused secondary to intestinal infection of salmonella typhimurium
necrotizing inflammation of the rectum and uterus (procitis) from the bacterial ifnection leads to ischemia and damage of the blood vessels. during recovery, scarring and contraction leads to a stricture
what are some clinical signs with jejunal hematoma?
sudden death, blood in the feces, bloat, abdominal pain, anemia, pale mucus membranes
atresia ani can be caused by the deficinecy of what vitamin
vitamin A (it is needed for development of GI nervous system)
where do rectal strictures usually happen in pigs?
junction of the caudal mesenteric and pudendal arteries
what are some clinical signs of rectal stricture?
reduced fecal output and marked abdominal distension
what is this?
a rectal stricture
what is this
a rectal stricture
what does it mean to have an extramural intestinal obstruction?
it means there is an extrinsic obstruction outside the intestinal tract causing compression and collapse of the intestinal tract
what is a classic and common example of an extramural intestinal obstruction?
equine strangulating lipomas
what is this?
an equine strangulating lipoma
how does an intestinal displacement lead to necrosis?
intestinal displacement leads to incarceration (the entrapped contents become fixed), which then leads to strangulation, allowing for ischemia due to lack of blood supply, eventually leading to necrosis
what is the difference betwene a volvulus and a torsion?
a volvulus is a twist along the mesenteric axis
a torsion is a tiwst along the long axis of the viscus
intestinal intussusceptions are most common in ___________ and the most common area of the GI tract to be affected is the ____
young animals, especially dogs
ileocolic area
list some causes of intussusception
idiopathic, linear foreign body, heavy parasitism, enteritis, previous surgery, etc
what are the two types of hernias?
internal and external hernias
what is an internal hernia? give an example
displacement of the intestine through a normal pathological foramina in the abdominal cavity, so there is no formation of a hernial sac
ex: epiploic foramen entrapment and gastrosplenic ligament entrapment
what is an external hernia? list some examples
displacement of intestine through an opening in the abdominal wall resulting in a hernial sac
ex: umbillical hernia, inguinal hernia, diaphragmatic hernia
rectal prolapse is common in what animals? what is the cause?
swine, sheep, cattle
caused by prolonged tenesmus or excessive coughing (increase in abdominal pressure), or assoictaed with colitis or UTI
inflammation of the small intestine is called:
inflammation of the colon is called:
inflammation of the cecum is called:
inflammation of the rectum is called:
enteritis
colitis
typhlitis
procitis
what is diphtheritic enteritis?
where a cast of fibrin and necrotic cells forms in the intestine and when you pull it off it is ulcerated underneath
what is this?
diphthertic enteritis
what is this?
diphthertic enteritis
enterotoxigenic E coli causes ______. It most commonly affects calves at what age?
secretory diarrhea via toxin production
first 5 days of life for calves
is enterotoxigenic E coli easy to dignose on histo?
NO there are minimal histology changes
rotavirus and corona virus cause diarrhea in calves at what age?
5 days to 2 week old calves
coronavirus causes _______ on histo
distinct crypt necrosis
which is generally more severe: rotavirus or coronavirus in calves?
coronavirus
in calves, coronavirus can affect ______, whereas rotavirus affects the _____
both small and large intestine
small intestine only
grossly, coroniavirus in calves can have what gross lesions?
fibrin and necrosis that is quite apparent
what kind of disease is cryptosporidium? if you’re going to look at the histo and you suspect crypto, what would you see?
a protozoan parasite
you can see the organisms along the brush border and they can be highlighted with acid fast stains
in terms of coccidiosis, ____ usually infect herbivores and _____ usually infect carnivores
eimeria
isospora
what age of calf is typically affected by coccidiosis?
2 weeks to 6 months
what is nervous coccidiosis?
calves infected with eimeria/coccidia can show neurological signs even though the brain appears normal
what are gross lesions of coccidiosis in calves?
hemorrhagic or fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis
what disese is this and in what species?
coccidiosis/eimeria, a unique presentation of sheep and goats
what is AEEC? what age of calf does it usually affect? where does it usually target?
attaching and effacing E coli
5 days to 6 months
usually targets the large intestine and rectum
what are some gross lesions of AEEC?
hemorrhagic or colon necrosis
clostridium perfringens is a type __, and it produces a ______
C
beta toxin
what are some clinical signs of clostridium perfringens? what age is usually affected?
they can be found dead, or can have bloody diarrhea
5 to 10 days
how do you diagnose clostridium perfringens?
you have to type it to make sure it is type C and check for toxin detection. culture of the bacteria is not good enough
rhodococcus equi infects ____ at the age of _____
foals
2 weeks to 6 months
what are some gross lesions of rhodococcus equi?
large craterform ulcers in the small and large intestine, commonly found over the peyer’s patches, lymphadenopathy,
what will you see on histo for rhodococcus equi infection?
pyogranulomatous enterotyphlocolitis and lymphadenitis
what are the two main parvoviruses that cause problems
canine parvovirus 2 and feline panleukopenia (canine parvo evolved from feline panleukopenia)
parvovirus targets what type of cells in which locations?
rapidly dividing cells in the enteric epithelium, haematopoietic tissue, and lymphoid tissue
what are the clinicl signs of a parvoviral infection?
diarrhea, sometimes bloody, dehydration, panleukopenia
what are some gross lesions of parvoviral infection?
how about histo findings?
gross findings: subserosal hemorrhage, ground glass appearance, mostly infecting the small intestines
histo: crypt necrosis
what is this disease?
parvovirus enteritis (ground glass appearance)
