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VETM 425 > Neuro 2 > Flashcards

Neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

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2
Q

in neonates what is the common bacterial cause of meningitis or meningoencephalitis?

A

E coli

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3
Q

what is the word for the meninges and the brain both being inflammaed? Meninges and spinal cord?

A

meningoencephalitis
meningomyelitis

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4
Q

out of all the infectious agents, what is most likely to cause meningitis?

A

bacteria

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5
Q

what is the major risk factor for neonatal septicemia? How old are these animals?

A

usually happens in farm animals that have failure of passive transfer. these animals are usually les than 3 days old

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6
Q

what is the difference between bacteriema, septicemia, and sepsis?

A

bacteremia: presence of bateria in the blood
septicemia: presence AND multiplcation of bacteria in the blood
sepsis: body wide inflammatory response to septicemia

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7
Q

in neonatal septicemia, bacteria from the blood tend to seed out in which locations?

A
  • filtration organs such as the liver, lung, spleen and kidney
  • joints
  • growth plates
  • uvea
  • meninges
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8
Q

grossly, what is the main feature of bacterial meningitis?

A

cloudiness on the ventral aspect of the brain, unable to see the blood vessels as clearly

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9
Q

this came from a young calf, 2 days old. what is this probbaly?

A

bacterial meningitis

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10
Q

vertebral body abscesses are common in what animal? what are some causes/correlations? what does this disease result in?

A

young prduction animals
tail docking, tail biting
septicemia

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11
Q

when a vertebral body abscess happens, the discs and adjacent bodies can get involved, and this is called ______

A

discospondylitis (think DISCO)

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12
Q

what is the most common place to get a vertebral body abscess?

A

above the heart and above the kidney

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13
Q

what is the word for this and explain why?

A

discospondylosis because the adjacent discs and vertebral bodies are affected/involved

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14
Q

in very simple terms, what is spina bifida? which breeds are predisposed to this disease? what is a common sequelae (aka how do they die from this?) which part of the spine does this affect and why?

A
  • it is a neural tube closure defect
  • english bulldogs and manx cats predisposed
  • secondary spinal cord infection
  • caudal spine because it is the last part to close in development
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15
Q

animals with spina bifida can have two types of herniation as well which are called:

A
  • meningocele (just the meninges)
  • meningomyelocele (meninges and spinal cord)
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16
Q

what is spina bifida occulata?

A

the version where there is no herniation. there is still no skin covering the cord but muscle is there with the cord below it, these animals die of secondary infections

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17
Q

these are showing photos of what disease?

A

spina bifida occulata (no hernation)

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18
Q

what is hydromyelia? how does this disease happen usually?

A
  • abnormal dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord (congenital disease)
  • either infectious or genetic damage of the ependymal cells which disrupts CSF flow, leading to increased CSF pressure causing compression and loss of surrounding tissue
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19
Q

what is syringomyelia?

A

tubular cavitation of the spinal cord that extends over several segments, the resulting cavity is called a syrinx

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20
Q

What is the lay term for Cervical stenotic myelopathy? Who gets this disease?

A

wobblers
young rapidly growing horses and large breed dogs (mostly males)

21
Q

what are the two different presentations or sydromes caused by wobblers/cervical stenotic myelopathy? compare them

A
  • static stenosis: happens in horses 1-4 years old, and from C5-C7, there is compression/narrowing on the spinal cord all the time regardless of neck position
  • dynamic stenosis: affects younger horses, 8-18 months, from C3-C5, and they only experisnce narrowing of the canal when the neck is in flexion
22
Q

what two dog breeds are predisposed to wobblers?

A

great danes and doberman pinschers

23
Q

briefly describe the pathogenesis of wobblers/cervial stenotic myelopathy

A

narrowing of the vertebral canal causes compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots, and there will be wallerian degeneration of the spinal cord

24
Q

is there a cause for wobblers?

A

we dont know, we think it is multifactorial: genetics, supplementation, vitamins and minerals, imbalances, osteochondrosis

25
Q

what is the anulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus?

A

the anulus fibrosis is the outer layer of the intervertebral disc and it is fibrous and tough
the nucelus pulposus is the inner jelly like part of the disc

26
Q

intervertebral disc disease is common in what breeds? what is happening in these aimals with this disease?

A

chondrodystrophic breeds like dachshund, corgi, basset hound, etc
- they are genetically programmed to have degernation of their discs beginning at 6 months of age, and the nucelus pulposus is replaced by cartilage and the annulus fibrosis weakens

27
Q

what is a common sequelae of IVDD?

A

dorsal rupture of the disc at the thoracolumbar junction region. this happens because the anulus fibrosis is weak at the dorsal aspect of the disc, and it happens in this area because it is a shift from little movement (thoracic) to lots of movement (lumbar)

28
Q

the top picture is normal, and the bottom is not. what is this disease

A

intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)

29
Q

there are two types of herniation for IVDD, describe the differences

A
  • hansen type I: sudden rupture, happens in chondrodystrophic breeds, and it’s more severe, usually associated with the dog jumping off of something
  • hansen type II: gradual degernation leading to buldging of the disc into the spinal cord, usually happens in older dogs that are not chondrodystrophic

in both: spinal cord compression and wallerian degernation

30
Q

which is which for herniation type in IVDD?

A

left is hansen type II and right is hansen type I

31
Q

which type of herniation is this?

A

hansen type I

32
Q

what herniation type is this?

A

hansen type II

33
Q

what disease occurs in large non chondrodystrophic breed dogs that is associated with exercise trauma?

A

fibrocartilaginous emboli

34
Q

what is the brief pathogenesis of fibrocartilaginous emboli?

A

there is herniation of the fibrocartilage from the intervertebral disc into the vasculature (lateral bulding rather than dorsal like in IVDD). these vessels being occluded leads to infarction of the spinal cord

35
Q

the deficiency of what mineral causes swayback in lambs and enzootic ataxia in goat kids?

A

copper

36
Q

copper deficiency, if congenital affects:
copper deficiency, if enzootic ataxia, affects:

A
  • cerebrum, brainstem, spinal cord
  • brainstem and spinal cord
37
Q

what are some clinical signs of copper defiinecy in young lambs and kids?

A

poor woll/hair quality and pigmentation, and weakened bones

38
Q

what is equine motor neuron disease (EMND)

A
  • progressive weakness and atrophy of the skeletal muscles in adult horses caused by degernation of the lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and brain stem nuceli. it is associated with vit E deficiency, and can also causepigmentary retinopathy in the eyes
39
Q

what are some gross lesions of equine motor neuron disease?

A

pale to yellow discoloration of the skeletal muscle, most seen in medial mead of triceps brachii and vastus intermedius muscles

40
Q

what is the best way to diagnose equine motor neuron disease?

A

use ocular lesions

41
Q

what is equine degernative myeloencephalopathy? how does it differ from equine motor neuron disease?

A
  • demyelination of the white matter of the spinal cord and funicili and brainstem, happens in young animals (arabian horses predisposed), and is also caused by vit E deficiency with a possible genetic component

major difference is the age at which horses get this, and zebras can get equine degernative myeloencephalopathy (EDM)

42
Q

what is equine protozoal myeloencephalitis caused by, who gets this disease, and where do lesions usually occur? what is the definitive host?

A
  • sarcocystis neurona
  • in young adult horses
  • most commonly happens in the spinal cord
  • opposums (shed in feces)
43
Q

diagnosing equine protozoal myeloencephalitis can be tough, but what are some things on histo that could help?

A

both white and grey matter will be affected, and there may be protozoal cysts in the tissues (but not always)

44
Q

equine herpesvirus 1 causes 3 major syndromes in horses which are:

A
  • abortion and neonatal death
  • rhinopneumonitis
  • myeloencephalitis
45
Q

in adult horses that get EHV-1 associated myeloencephalitis, how are they infecte what how does this virus get to the CNS? is this virus directly attacking the nervous tissue?

A

infected via inhalation, the virus replicates in nasopharynx and eventually makes its way to LNs, enters into macrophages and lymphocytes, can become latent in trigeminal nerves, and it moves to CNS via leukocyte trafficking

NO, it is endotheliotropic and not neurotropic

46
Q

what is the main histo finding with EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy?

A

vasculitis with infarction in the grey and white matter

47
Q

what is a good thing to keep in mind in regards to clinical signs of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy?

A

it usually affects more the hind end of the animal (could look similar to cauda equina syndrome)

48
Q

degernative radiculomyelopathy is common in what dog breed?

A

german shepherds

49
Q

dural ossification in old dogs is a fom of _______. How can this disease appear grossly?

A

osseous metaplasia (just of the dura)
usually this disease is an incidental finding, but you can see multifocal hard ovoids plaques on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord, and it can be read (bone marrow production)

VETM 425 (28 decks)

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