Repro 2 Flashcards
what is a persistent hymen?
where the paramesopnephric duct has failed to make a proper connection to the urogenital sinus
what is this showing?
persistent hymen
what is this showing?
segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct leading to aplasia of the uterine horn
what is uterus didelphys?
failure of the paramesopnephric ducts to fuse resulting in duplication of te cervix and uterine body
what is this showng?
uterus didelphys
what are periovarian cysts?
cysts that occur external to the ovary, most common in mares, and they are reminants of the paramesopheric or mesonephric ducts
what is this
a cystic reminant of the parasmesonephric duct (periovarian cyst)
what are epithelial inclusion cysts and what is their impact? what is their pathogenesis?
they epithelial onclusion cysts that occur in mares, usually around the ovulation fossa
the surface epithelium is pinched off during ovulation and embedded into the stroma, they accumulate fluid and enlarge interfering with ovulation and causing infertility
what is cystic rete ovarii?
a type of intraovarian cyst common in dogs, cats, and guinea pigs esp, it is a reminant of the rete ovarii from mesonephric tubules, usually incidental
what is this
epithelial inclusion cysts in a mare
what is this?
cystic rete ovarii
what are cystic ovarian follicles?
they are follicles that never ovulate, happens in dairy cows and sows, in cows it causes cystic ovarian disease
what is cystic ovarian disease? what is the cause?
cows that have a cystic ovarian follicle bigger than 2.5cm and persists for more than 10 days, can see nymphomania but can also see anestrus
cause: failure of preovulatory LH surge
what is this?
cystic tertiary follicle
what are the 3 main groups of ovarian neoplasias?
germ cell neoplasias, sex cord stromal neoplasms, and epithelial neoplasms
what is a teratoma?
a arare and benign tumor happening in the ovary s a result of 2-3 germ layer differentiation, it can include hair, bone, cartilage, and teeth
what is this?
ovarian teratoma
what are granulosa cell tumors? who gets them and what do they do?
most common ovarian tumor of large animals, usually unilateral and benign, and they are hormonally active
what are the 3 behavior patterns of granulosa cell tumors?
nymphomania, stallion like behavior via testosterone, and anestrus
granulosa cell tumors look like
swiss cheese
what is this in a mare ovary?
granulosa cell tumor
ovarian carcinoma is common in? what is the cause? how do they look?
common in the dog, cause unknown, multifocal and bilateral
these are dog ovaries, what is this?
ovarian carcinoma
what is the term for:
- inflammation of the uterine tubes
- pus filled uterine tube
- distention of uteine tube with clear watery fluid
salpingitis
pyosalpinx
hydrosalpinx
how do ewes get cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
ingestion of estrogenic clover
for the bitch and queen, _____ is a common response of the uterus in diestrus. The influence of ________ primes the endometrium so that ________
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
progesterone
inflammation/irritation causes hyerplasia
there is a strong association between cystic endometrial hyerplasia and _______ in bitches and queens. Why does this happen?
uterine infection
the cystic endometrial hyerplasia creates a favorable environment for bacteria to grow OR an infection can lead to cystic endometrial hyperplasia
what should this make you think of? this is a bitch
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
hydrometra nd mucometra are a consequence of:
endometrial hyplerplasia OR obstruction of the uterus, cervix, or vagina
uterine prolapse is common in? what causes it?
ruminants and sows
caused by excessive straining and uterine inertia (dystocia, retained placenta, hypocalcemia)
what is the pathogenesis of uterine prolpase that kills the animal?
reduced venous outflow of the prolasped portion, edema and congestion, trauma infection and drying, tissue necrosis, shock and death
what is this
uterine prolpase
what is sips? who gets it? what causes it? what are clinical signs?
subinvolution of placntal sites, unique to dogs, the placental sites do not regess after puppies are born
clinical signs: excessive bloody discharge that persists for months, can lead to anemia, exsanguination, even endometritis
what is this, bitch?
SIPS: subinvolution of placental sites
what isunique about the horse cervix?
she loose! (what a slut)
what are the two times in which the uterus is vulnerable to infection?
when under the influence of progesterone (pregnancy and diestrus)
when the cervis is open (estrus, partuition, postpartum)
what is post mating endometritis in mares? what is a good way to tell if a horse has this?
inflammation following insemination and it is normal and should resolve (aka, we had sex, ouchie) BUT some maes fail to clear seminal fluid and resovlve inflammation which can lead to chronic inflammation and endometrial fibrosis (infertility)
endometrial biopsy
when does a cow get endometritis? Is this normal?
postpartum, yes this is normal UNLESS it is not cleared immediately afterwards
infection of the endometrium after birth usually follows what two things?
abnormal partution (something went wrong with the birth)
failure of the uterus to involute (lochia, vag discahrge after birth, is lovely for bacteria to grow on)
this cow gave birth a little while ago and she randomly died. this is her uterus. what did she die of?
endometritis
endometritis after birth can progress to what?
pyometra
older intact female dogs 4-6 weeks after estrus can get: _______
what phase of estrus does this happen?
cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra
happens in diestrus when a CL is present and lots of pregesterone
what are clinical signs of pyometra?
depression, dehydration, anorexia, vomitting, PU/PD, vaginal discahrge if cervix is open (all from endotoxemia and bacteremia)
what is this?
pyometra
what is the most common eitologic agent for pyometra?
E coli
why is PU/PD a clinical sign in pyometra?
bacteria produce endotoxins that interfere with action of ADH (anti diuretic hormone), and the dog can’t concentrate the urine
smooth muscle tumors of the uterus are called _____ and are common in ____. how do these tumors behave?
leiomyoma or leimyosarcoma
common in dogs
they are benign and hormonally dependent (spaying will help)
uterine carcinoma is common in what animals? what is their unique behavior?
cattle and it is the most common uterine neoplasm in rabbits!
grossly can appear as more of an area of stenosis and scar tissue
they seed the abdomen (transcoelomic spread, carcinomatosis) and metastasize to LNs and lungs
this is a uterus of a bitch. this dog was not spayed. what is this?
leimyoma
what kind of uterine tumor is this?
uterine carcinoma (scirrhous reaction)
the number one cause of baterial mastatis is ______, therefore, the critical barrier to infection is the
ascending infection along the papillary duct
ostium and duct of the papilla and its sphincter
what three broad categories are there for bacterial causes of mastitis? give examples in each category?
obligate mammary pathogens ( streptococcus agalactiae, staphylococcus aureus, mycoplasma spp)
environmental contaminants ( E coli and klebsiella pneumoniae)
overlap group (streptococcus uberus and streptococcus dysgalactiae)
what causes severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis in cows? what are clinical signs?
coliforms and S. aureus
concurrent systemic signs from profound toxemia like fever, anorexia, leukopenia, shock and death
grossly, what does severe necrotizing mastitis look like?
swollen, warm, firm, painful, straw colored milk, coagulation necrosis, black soft cold tissue, gland may slough
what kind of mastitis is this?
severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis
what is suppurative mastitis caused by?
pus forming gram positive bacteria that are less virulent (like S aureus, S dysgalactiae, T pyogenes)
grossly, what does suppurative mastitis look like?
lactiferous ducts and sinus fill with suppurative exudate and fibrosis if chronic
what kind of mastitis is this?
suppurative mastitis caused by strep dysgalactiae
what causes mycoplasma mastitis? what route of infection does it use?
mycoplasma bovis and others
either hematogenous or ascending
grossly what does mycoplasma mastitis look like
multifocal to coalesing foci of caseous necrosis
why is mycoplasma mastitis a herd health concern?
it spreads to calves causing otitid media and pneumonia and it is on the rise in western canada
what kind of mastitis is this?
mycoplasma mastitis
what is this? is this common? are you concerned about it?
mammary tumor in a dog, most are benign, but they are very common, spay them to prevent!
what are some differences between fibroadenomatous hyerplasia and mammary neoplasia in cats?
FAH: young intact female cats, hormonally driven (progesterone), resolve spontaneously by spaying, may be one or many swollen glands
MN: older cats, usually malignant with metastasis, effects of spaying are less clear, usually a single ulcerated mass
these are two different kinds of mammary masses in the cat. name them
left: fibroadenomatous hyperplasia (not neoplastic)
right: mammary neoplasia (adenocarcinoma)
