Respiratory 1 Flashcards
the respiratory system is divided into 3 compartments which are?
conducting system (nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, tranchea, and bronchi), transitional system (bronchioles, exchange system (alveoli)
the mucosa of the conducting system consits of
ciliated epithelium and goblet cells that produce mucus
the mucosa of the transitional system consists of
specialized mucousa containing layers of ciliated and secretory cells such as club cells. NO goblet cells normally
the exchange system is lined with
type 1 pneumocytes
the upper respiratory tract includes:
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tubes, guttoral pouches, air sacs, pharynx, larynx, trachea
the lower respiratory tract includes
the lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli)
the nasal cavity is divided by what?
curved shelves of bone covered in mucous membrane called turbinates or conchae
the pharyngeal diverticulum is an anatomical feature of which species?
pigs
list 5 functionsof the respiratory system
air conduction
air conditioning
air filtration and immune defence
smell
vocalization
list 5 functionsof the respiratory system
air conduction
air conditioning
air filtration and immune defence
smell
vocalization
what kind of cells line the nasal planum and mucucutaneous junctions?
stratified squamous epithelium
what kind of cells line the conducting and transitional portions of the respiratory tract?
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
which type of respiratory lining cells are sensitive to injury?
ciliated respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium (not stratified squamous)
list 3 defence mechanisms of the respiratory system to keep things out
air filtration (turbulence of air slowing it down and moisturizes it allowing some infectious organisms and particulates to precipitate out of the air)
particle trapping in mucus layer lining the conducting system–>mucociliary clearance system where things are coughed up and swallowed
clearance of inhaled particles via coughing an sneezing
list some factors that can impair defence mechanisms
viral infections, immunodeficinecy, stress, dehydration, pulmonary edema, uremia
what is choanal atresia?
what species is it the most common in?
a congenital malfomration in which there is a failure of the formation of the communication between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx, usually bilateral
most common in camelids
what are the clinical signs of choanal atresia?
difficulty breathing or open mouth breathing, weakness or aspiration pnemonia
what is brachycephalic airway syndrome?
what are the 3 congenital components?
describe the pathogenesis
airway syndrome in brachycephalic breeds
1. stenotic nares
2. elongated soft palate
3. tracheal/laryngeal hypoplasia
congenital malfomrations lead to increased respiratory effort, which leads to secondary problems
describe some of the secondary malformations of brachycephalic airway syndrome
everted laryngeal saccules
everted tonsils
hypertrophied and folded pharyngeal mucousa
laryngeal edema
tracheal collpase
a yorkshire terrier, 6 years old, presents to you with a honking cough and exercise intolerance. what is your likely diagnosis and what is the pathogenesis?
tracheal collpase
due to abnormalcartilage rings forming shallow D shapes causing dorso-ventral flattening of the tracheal lumen
you are presented with a horse that is making a respiratory noise and has been preforming poorly since it was born. what is a likely differential and what is the pathogenesis?
hypoplastic epiglottis
the epiglottis is smaller than it should be, leading to epiglottic entrapment and/or dorsal displacement of the soft palate which interferes with air conduction into the lungs
what is the name for the disease that is often seen in older thoroughbred or arabian horses arising from the ethmoid turbinates? what is the pathogenesis?
progressive ethmoid hematomas
pathogenesis unknown
what is a common signalment for a patient with nasopharyngeal polyps?
young cat with sneezing, nasal discharge, ataxia, horner’s facial paralysis, dyspena, gagging, dysphagia
you are presented with a horse with a loud roaring sound when breathing. what is your diagnosis? what is the pathogenesis?
equine laryngeal paralysis
usually affects the left side, idiopathic, atrophy of circoareynoid muscle, degerntion of recurrent laryngeal nerve
what are 2 causes of bilateral laryngeal paralysis?
hepatic encephalopathy, anesthesia
what is a common signalment for canine laryngeal paralysis?
older male large breed dogs
canine laryngeal paralysis is often seen in association with what?
it is often secondary to generalized neruomuscular disordered, such as hypothyroidism or myasthenia gravis
laryngeal or tracheal edema is secondary to:
acute inflammation such as anaphylaxis, atypical interstisial pneumonia, edema disease in pigs
describe the pathogenesis of laryngeal or tracheal edema
the lining of the larynx and trachea are expanded by tissue edema and the tissue protrudes intot he airway, blocking the flow of air. this is NOT the same as fluid or foam in the airways
Honker’s Syndrome is the lay term for which disease? What is the common species affected and what is the pathogenesis
tracheal edema and hemorhage syndrome
feedlot cattle that are heavier
rapid breathing combined with increased intratracheal pressure causes mechanical injury to the tracheal mucosa, leading to inflammation, edema, and swollen tissue protuding into the airways. this swollen tissue is subject to mechanical injury, which causes more swelling and inflammation (vicous cycle). This eventually suffocates the cow
describe the diference between these types of inflammation:
serous rhinitis
catarrhal rhinitis
purulent or suppurative rhinitis
fibrinous rhinitis
granulomatous rhinitis
serous rhinitis: red runny node producing clear watery snot. like a runny nose on a cold day
catarrhal: like serous but with more mucus, like an ugly cry snotty mess, may be indicitave of chronic rhinitis
purulent/suppurative: neotrophilic exudate and mucosal necrosis
fibrinous: increased vascular permeability, assocoated with bacterial or fungal infection, runny scrambelled eggs
granulomatous: usually associated with fungi infection or mycobacteria, will look crumbly and cheese like, associated with chronic inflammation
inclusion body viral rhinitis is caused by what virus? what kind of inflammation does it produce?
suid herpes virus 2 in pigs, catarrhal
name the disease caused by bovine herpesvirus 1, which causes fever, anorexia, tachypnea, mucopurluent discharge, dyspnea, open mouth breathing, mucosal hyperemia
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
what do the lesions look like with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
there is call lysis and necrotic infection, so lesions will be tan/dull, and you get fibrinous or purulent discahrge. this is due to the secondary bacterial infections that occur
what is a diagnosis that grossly might look similar to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
aspiration of chemical irritants like stomach acid, or bovine parainfluenza 3
cats with crusty runny noses and crusty eyes could have:
feline upper respiratory infection due to feline herpesvirus 1
describe the pathogenesis of feline herpesvirus 1
it is a latent infection, it stays in the trigeminal ganglion to hang out, then when the body is immunosuppressed or experiencing stress, the virus can reactivate
what are the clinical signs of feline calicivirus?
ocular and nasal discharge and tongue ulcers (remember, oral ulcers are not common with feline herpesvirus)
______ is clinically similar to feline herpesvirus 1, with milkd conjunctivitis and mucopurulent rhinitis
clamydia felis (intracellular bacteria)
what is atrophic rhinitis?
what are the two forms and causes of each form?
atrophic rhinitis causes permanent atrophy of the nasal turbinates/choncae. without the turbinates, a lot f the defence mechanisms are gone and predisposes the animal to infections/diseases
Non progessive atrophic rhinitis caused by: bordetella bronchispetica, sneezing and nasal discharge
progriessive atorgic rhinitis caused by: pasturella multocida, prodution of cytotoxins and inhibit bone formation and promote bone resorption
pasturella multocida is note able to colonize the nasal mucosa very well unless ______. This is most commonly done by _____
the mucosal surface has been ulcerated by another pathogen
bordetella bronchiseptica
the diagnosis of progressive atrophic rhinitis requires ______. Why?
PCR or ELISA because you have to identifo the toxins produced by pasturella multocida. many strains will show up on culture that do NOT produce toxins, so in order to find out if it is truly PAR, you NEED to do PCR or ELISA to detect the toxins
equine strangles is caused by ______. is this a commonsealistic bacteria?
streptococcus equi equi
NO it is truly pathogenic
about 20% of horses with strangles will develop complications such as:
guttural pouch empyema, pneumonia, bastard strangles, purapura hemorrhagia/vasculitis
the most common cause of fungal rhinitis in dogs is ______. What do the gross lesions look like? How do animals get sick with this fungus?
aspergillus fumigatus
a yellow, green, or black fungal mass on the nasal turbinates
it is a normal environmental fungus, so something else must predispose the animal to infection such as immune suppression
what are the two clinically significant species of cryptococcus?
cryptococcus neoformans
cryptococcus gatti
THEY ARE BOTH ZOONOTIC
when dogs get a single unilateral nasal polyp, what is the likely culprit?
rhinosporidiosis fungus, causes granulomatous rhinitis
sheep bot flies called ____ can cause parasitic rhinitis in sheep. what is the pathogenesis? What are clinical signs of severse cases?
oestrus ovis
flies deposit larvae on the nares, and the larva emigrate into the nasal turbinates and sinuses, where they mature into maggots. infection is usually subclinical, maybe some sneezing.
severe causes cause neurologic signs–> the maggots die and cause secondary bacterial infections that can erode into the cribiform plate into the brain
dogs can get parasitic disease of the upper respiratory system caused by ____. What is the pathogenesis?
oslerus osleri, trachal nematodes
worms from nodules at the tracheal bifurcation, the eggs are then coughed up and swallowed. these nodules can narow the lumen making it difficult to breathe
what is the most common nasal carcinoma in the dog? how about in cats and horses?
adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
what is the most common upper resp tract tumor in cats?
nasal lymphoma
what is enzootic nasal tumor?
a viral associated tumor in sheep caused by enzootic nasal tumor viruses
the mucosa f the conducting system and some of the transitional system is composed of ________ cells. as you go further down into the lungs, the number of ____ cells decreases
pseudostratified, ciliated, respiratory epithelial
ciliated
the amount of ____ and ____ decreases as the diamater decreases
cartilage, smooth muscle
at the level of the bronchioles, there is no more____ or ____, but there is still some ____
cartilage, glands, smooth muscle
type I penumocytes are specialized for ____ and are incapable of ____
type II penumocytes secrete what and do what?
gas exchange, cell division
surfactant, progenitor cells for type I pneumocytes
what is the blood-air barrier composed of?
alveolar surfactant, type I penumocytes, basal lamina of the type I cells, intersitial connective tissue, basal lamina of capillary endothelial cell, capillary endothelial cell
IN SIMPLE TERMS:
type I pneumocyte cytoplasm, dual basal lamina (fusion of basement membranes of both cells), and cytoplasm of endothelial cell
what are the 3 reasons the respiratory system is vulnerable to injury?
extensive surface area of the alveoli, the large volume of air going into the lungs, high concentrations of noxious elements present in the air
what do alveolar marchophages do?
phagocytize inhaled dust particles and other foregi material
what do club cells do?
detoxify xenobiotics via oxidases, secrete protective secretions against oxidative stress and inflammation, produce surfactant
why is respiratory disease so prevalent if the defecnes are so effective?
if the defenses are impaired, the efficinecy of the lung to eliminate bacteria is greatly decreased
besides bacteria and viruses, what factors can impair pulmonary bacterial clearances ?
lung edema, dehydration, uremia, stress, immunodeficinecy, ammonia
