GI 2: Esophagus to Stomach Flashcards
what are gastroliths?
stones in the stomach!
a spherical mass of hair or wool is called a
trichobezoar
a spherical mass of plant fiber is called a
phytobezoar
trichobezoars are more common in what kind of animal?
young animals from excessive grooming
the fancier term for bloat is called _____
ruminal tympany
what is this photo showing?
a bloat line, the left side is congested (more cranial) and the right side is pale (more caudal)
if a bloat line is reversed (pale cranial and congested caudal), what does that mean?
this is a normal agonal change
what are two important things to look for grossly if you suspect bloat?
subcutaneous hemorrhages and edema cranially and non hemorrhagic edema caudally
bloat line
primary tympany is called what? is it acute or chronic? what causes it? how do ruminal contents appear?
frothy bloat
acute and severe
diet high in legumes or concentrates
contents are frothy, gas is trapped and not eructated
secondary tympany is called what? is it acute or chonric? what causes it?
gas bloat
chronic or recurrent
vagal indigestion/damage to vagus nerve
traumatic reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease)
ruminal drinkers/calves where milk ferments by accident
the actual name for hardware disease is what?
what are two common outcomes? What is the cause?
traumatic reticuloperitonitis
chronic local peritonitis +/- focal adhesions, traumatic pericarditis
trueperella pyogenes and fusobacterium necrophorum
rumenal acidosis is a type of _____ caused by _____
rumenitis
excessive carbohydrates
list the normal rumen pH and then the pH of a cow affected with rumenal acidosis
normal: 5.5-7.5
acidosis: less then 5
describe the pathogenesis of rumenal acidosis
decrease in pH kills normal gram neg bacteria, streptococcus bovis proliferates causing an increase in lactic acid which decreases the pH even more, allowing lactobacillus to predominate leading to inflammation of the rumen
what is a good thing to look for grossly if you suspect rumen acidosis?
the mucosa of the rumen may be difficult to peel off
necrobacillary rumenitis is a common outcome of _____ . it is caused by _____ which can lead to _____
ruminal acidosis
fusobacterium necrophorum
bacterial embolization to the liver causing liver abscess
how will necrobacillary rumenitis appear grossly?
you’ll see well demarcated plaque like areas of necrosis both in the rumen or in the liver
mycotic rumenitis is a common outcome of _____ . it is caused by ______
ruminal acidosis
zygomycete funguses
what do gross lesions of mycotic rumenitis look like?
lesions will be hemorrhagic, severe, and extensive compared to necrobaccillary rumenitis. they are often visible from the serosal surface and they are usually vasculocentric
what is this disease
necrobacillary rumenitis (plaque like lesions and seeding of the liver)
what is this disease
mycotic rumenitis (notice the dark red hemorrhagic lesions and it looks more extensive, necrosis with a red rim)
this was a bison case at UCVM. this is the rumen of the bison, and it’s liver also had yellow like, dry lesions in the liver. what disease is this most likely?
necrobacillary rumenitis caused by fusobacterium necrophorum
what’s the name for the line between squamous portion and glandular portion of the horse stomach?
margo plicatus
the margo plicatus but in pigs is called
pars esophagea
deep chested dog breeds like great danes, wolfhounds, german shepherds, etc, are at risk of developing which disease that can be prevented with a preventative surgical procedure?
GDV (gastric dilation and volvulus)
if a horse experiences gastric volvulus, what is the likely consequence if no intervention is offered?
gastric rupture
where do equine stomachs usually rupture
the greater curvature parallel to the omental attachment
what are the three ways you can tell a true lesion from a fake lesion?
hemorrhage, edema, and fibrin
a displaced abomasum usually comes with concurrent conditions. name 4
ketosis, hypocalcemia, metritis, retained placenta
majority of displaced abomasums are ____ side
left
gastritis or abomasitis refers to
inflammation of the true stomach
clostridial abomasitis is caused by what? what are the gross findings and histologic findings?
clostridium septicum
gross findings: abomasal wall thickening with emphysema and edema, hemorrhages
histo: gram positive bacilli
this is an abomasum. what disease is this?
clostridial abomasitis caused by clostridium septica
horses can get stomach bots. what are the two species and where are they located
gasterophilus intestinalis (they like the squamous portion of the stomach) and gasterophilus nasalis (they like the proximal duodenum)
you are presented with this abomasum of a sheep that appears like morrocan leather. what is your number one differential?
ostertagia ostertagi parasites
if you are doing histology on an abomasum affected with ostertagia spp, what would you see?
mucos metaplasia (parietal cells replcaed with mucus neck cells) and hyperplasia
the barber pole worm is called _____, and they cause
hemonchosis
anemia and hypoproteinemia
what is the spcecies of barber pole worm that infects sheep and goats? what are some gross lesions of this parasite
haemonchus contorus
pallor (anemia), bottle jaw from sub Q edema, watery dark red-brown abomasal contents
this is an abomasum of a sheep. what is your number 1 differential
haemonchus contorus
gastroduodenal and abomasal ulcers usually cause one gross lesions/finding which is
melena (digested blood in the tissues)
where do dogs usually get GI ulcers?
in the pyloic antrum and proximal duodenum
in dogs, what can cause gastroduodenal ulcers?
adenocarcinomas, cutaneous mast cell tumors, gastrinoma (endrocine)
why do cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs cause ulcers?
because they produce histamine which stimulates acid secretion
besides tumors, what 2 other things can cause dogs to get GI ulcers?
NSAIDs and glucocorticoids
where do cattle usually get GI ulcers?
in the abomasum
small abomasal ulcers in claves can be caused by
stress
perforating abomasal ulcers in calves less than 4 months old are common and are are caused by
multiple things that contribute: hairballs, stress, mineral deficinecies, high concentrate diets, lymphosarcoma, etc
where do pigs usually get GI ulcers? how do pigs handle these ulcers? what is the cause?
the pars esophagea
pigs can acutely die from exsanguination
finely ground feed
where do horses usually get GI ulcers? what causes them?
in the squamous part of their stomach right beside the margo plicatus
they are mostly incidental but CAN cause colic, causes include stress, NSAIDs, change in feed, and GI disease
name a common stomach/abomasl tumor in:
horses
dogs
cattle
horses: squamous cell carcinoma (squamous portion)
dogs: adenocarcinoma (from glandular portion)
cows: abomasal lymphoma
this is a horse stomach. what is your top differential?
squamous cell carcinoma
