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VETM 425 > Repro 1 > Flashcards

Repro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the bipotent gonad becomes

A

ovaries or testes depending on XX or XY chromosomes

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2
Q

the mesonephric tubules become what in each sex?

A

female: rete ovarii
male: rete testis

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3
Q

in each sex, what do the paramesenephric ducts become?

A

female: uterine tubes, uterine horns, uterine body, cervix, cranial vagina
male: regressess under influence of AMH

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4
Q

ffor each sex, what do the mesonephric ducts become?

A

female: regression
male: epididymis, deferent duct, vesicular gland, ampulla. under influence of testosterone

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5
Q

for each sex, what does the urogenital sinus become?

A

female: caudal vagina, vestibule, volva, clitoris
male: prostate, bulbourethal gland, scrotum, penis (under infuence of testosterone)

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6
Q

what is the difference between a true hermaphrodite and a pseudohermaphrodite?

A

a true hermaphrodite has both male and female gonads (ovaries and testes)
a pseudohermaphrodite has a single gonad type which determines the animals sex no matter what the other parts look like (external genetalia could be weird or other parts like uterine tubes, deferent ducts, etc)

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7
Q

Give some examples of chromosonal disorders of sexual development

A

X
XXY
chimerism (XX/XY)

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8
Q

what is freemartinism?

A

the female born with a co twin that is a male. the placentas are able to exchange blood, hematopoietic cells are exchanged, and gene factors from the male carried in the blood inhibit ovarian growth and favor testicular differentiation, leading to an infertile female twin

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9
Q

the function of the testis and epidiymis depends on what?

A

maintenance of temperature just below body temperature

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10
Q

what are the 4 portals of entry to the scrotum? Give an example of each

A

hematogenous localization (brucella species)
ascending infection (preputial flora)
direct penetration (bite wound)
extension from the peritoneum (FIP, neoplasia)

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11
Q

any injury to the testis of ductular system that exposes the spermatozoa to the interstisial tissue results in what?

A

severe granulomatous inflammation known as spermatic granuloma

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12
Q

what is cyrptorchidism?

A

incomplete descent of the testis, usually unilateral, and the retained testis is often hypoplastic

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13
Q

retained testes are prone to what 2 things?

A

neoplasia
torsion

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14
Q

why are small testes of great importance?

A

because daily sperm output is correlated to testicular weight and volume, aka small balls are bad and you dont want them!

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15
Q

what is the difference between testicular hypoplasia and testicular atrophy/degeneration?

A

hypoplasia: congenital condition in which the testis does not grow to full size
atrophy/degernation: testes reduce in size after sexual maturation, many causes

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16
Q

what are the two types of spermatic granulomas? collectively they share a pathogenesis, describe it

A

spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head (congenital)
spermatic ganuloma of the epididymal tail (secondary to epididymitis)

pathogenesis: ruptured ducts, leaks spermatozoa, body sees these are foreign, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, obstruction and sperm stasis

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17
Q

what is seen here

A

cryptorchidism, one testicle in the abdomen and did not descend

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18
Q

what is shown here

A

spermatic granuloma of the epididymal head (congenital)

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19
Q

what is an important sequelae of spermatic granulomas?

A

infertility due to the blockage of the tubular organs

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20
Q

inflammation of the epididymis is called ______ and it affects what location? What is the cause

A

epididymitis , usually affecting the tail of the epididymis
caused by bacteria (brucella ovis & brucella canis via hematogenous spread, actinobacillus seminalis and histophilus somni in rams, E coli in dogs if via ascending infection)

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21
Q

what is this?

A

epididymitis (you can see scarring, fibrous adhesions), caused by brucella ovis in a sheep

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22
Q

since the epididymis is a single tube, what can happen if you have epididymitis?

A

obstruction and rupture of the wall allowing spermatozoa to leak and caused a spermatic granuloma

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23
Q

what is the name for inflammation of the testis? what is the cause usually? Give specific examples

A

orchitis
usually bacterial via hematogeous spread (brucella abortus, brucella suis, brucella canis) often causing necrotizing orchitis

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24
Q

this is a testicle of a caribou. What is this disease and what likely caused it?

A

necrotizing orchitis caused by brucella suis

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25
Q

what are the 3 main types of testicular neoplasia? Is it easy to tell them apart?

A

interstisial (leydig) cell tumors
seminoma (germ cell origin)
sertoli cell tumors

you can differentiate types grossly

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26
Q

in older dogs, list the types of testicular neoplasia from most to least common. how do these tumors behave?

A

interstisial, seminoma, sertoli
almost always benign

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27
Q

which testicular neoplasms are associated with cryptorchidism?

A

seminomas (more common in retained testes)
sertoli cell tumors (50% are in retained testes)

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28
Q

grossly, what does a interstisial /leydig cell tumor look like?

A

spherical, well demarcated, soft, tan to orange areas of hemorrhage and necrosis

29
Q

the most common testicular tumor of the dog, cat, and bull is

A

interstisial cell tumors

30
Q

This is an older dog’s testicles. What is your diagnosis?

A

interstisial/leydig cell tumor

31
Q

the most common testicular neoplasm in the stallion is the ______. How do these tumors usually behave?

A

seminoma, rarely metastasize

32
Q

grossly, what does a seminoma look like?

A

homogenous, white to pink gray, soft and buldge on section

33
Q

what is this tumor? pretend it is an older stallion

A

seminoma

34
Q

how do sertoli cell tumors appear grossly, and how do these tumors behave normally?

A

well demarcated, multilobar, tan to white and very firm
rarely metastasize

35
Q

this are dog testicles. what is your number one differential

A

sertoli cell tumor

36
Q

approx 1/3 of sertoli cell tumors are associated with what? What is the result of this? Can you treat this?

A

feminization from hyperestrogenism (hormonally active tumors)
results: symmetric alopecia, enlarged mammary glands, pendulous prepuce, prostatic hyperplasia, bone marrow suppression, it can be life threatening!
treatment: remove the tumor and the animal will be okay

37
Q

what is prostatic hyperplasia? what is a common clinical sign? how do you identify it?

A

develops spontaneously with age in uncastrated dogs, hormone related but exact machanism is unknown
clinical sign: constipation
identification: smooth, bilaterally enlarged, symmetrical, non painful on palpation

38
Q

Grease Fire, a 10yo MI bully mix comes in because he is constipated. On rectal palptation you feel an enlarged symmetrical mass that is non painful. What is your number one differential?

A

prostatic hyperplasia

39
Q

inflammation of the prostate is called

A

prostatitis

40
Q

prostatitis often occurs concurrently with

A

a UTI/the animal will have signs of a UTI

41
Q

what is the cause of protatitis?

A

bacterial, either via hematogenous spread (brucella canis) or ascending infection (E coli, proteus vulgaris)

42
Q

GORPYGU, a 11 yo MI GSD comes to you with a fever and ADR. On rectal palpation you feel an asymmetric enlargement of the prastate that is painful. What is your differential?

A

prostatitis

43
Q

this is from a dog, what is your differential?

A

prostatitis

44
Q

the only prostatic neoplasm of importance in domestic animals is

A

carcinoma of the prostate in dogs

45
Q

what causes carinoma of the prostate in dogs?

A

unknown but not a normal progression from prostatic hyperplasia and castration is not protective

46
Q

what are the 2 gross appearances of carcinoma of the prostate? What is the prognosis of this tumor?

A
  1. asymmetric, irregular, non painful, enlarged
  2. minimal emlargement and urinary obstruction

prognosis is very poor, by the time you diagnose it has likely spread to LNs and other places

47
Q

What is vesicular adenitis? what causes it, and why is it important?

A

happens in bulls, inflammation of the vesicular glands, happens to young bulls in their first season
caused by bacteria, usually detect the chronic form
important because it reduced infertility

48
Q

what does vesicular adenitis look like grossly, and what is the pathogenesis to causing infertility?

A

grossly: enlarged, firm (fibrosis), loss of lobulation
inflammation in the glands, see leukocytes and inflammatory mediators in the semen, reduced fertility and reduced ability of spermatozoa to survive freezing

49
Q

what kind of mass is this in this male dog? how does the tumor behave?

A

carcinoma of the prostate. poor prognosis, metastasizes to sublumbar LNs, lungs, bone

50
Q

normal is pictures on the left. What is shown in the photo on the right?

A

vesicular adenitis

51
Q

disorders of the penis and prepuce are rare, but ______ is common

A

infection (because organisms take advantage of venereal transmission)

52
Q

what is the word for the inflammation of the:
penis
head of the penis
prepuce
penis and prepuce together

A

phallitis
balanitis
posthitis
phalloposthitis

53
Q

name 2 asymptomatic veneral infections in cattle. Are there signs in the females?

A

tritrichmonas foetus and campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis
in females: infertility/early embryonic loss and abortions

54
Q

what cause balanoposthitis?

A

genital herpesviruses (latent infections)

55
Q

what do lesions on the penis/prepuce look like with infection of a herpesvirus?

A

vesiculopustular ulcerative lesions

56
Q

this is a bull penis. what is your number 1 differential?

A

balanoposthitis caused by bovine herpesvirus 1

57
Q

what is “pizzle rot”? What is it caused by? What is the pathogenesis?

A

ovine posthitis, in castrated male goats
caused by urase producing corynebacterium renale
pathogenesis: high protein diet, high urea in the urine, broken down by corynebacterium renale to ammonia, ulceration of preputial opening, severe inflammation and swelling, urethral blockage, death

58
Q

what is this disease in lay mans terms and actual terms

A

pizzle rot, ovine posthitis

59
Q

what is your number 1 differential for an ulcerated, exophytic mass on a horse penis?

A

penile squamous cell carcinoma

60
Q

if a horse has squamous papilloma on the penis, what can this progress into?

A

squamous cell carcinoma (transition from benign to malignant)

61
Q

what causes penile SCC in horses? How does this tumor behave?

A

UV exposure and light pigmented skin, equine papilloma virus 2
the tumor is locally infiltrative and can metastasize to inguinal LNs and liver and/or lungs

62
Q

this is a horse penis, what is your differential?

A

penile squamous cell carcinoma

63
Q

young bulls can get a tumor on the head of the penis called _______. What is it caused by?

A

penile fribopapilloma, caused by bovine papilloma virus 1

64
Q

how does a penile fibropapilloma appear grossly? How do these tumors behave usually?

A

large, pink or gray/white, exophytic mass
benign and self limiting but can interfere with penis movement, breeding, and urination.

65
Q

this is a young bull penis. what is your number 1 differential?

A

penile fribopapilloma

66
Q

dogs can get this weird transmittible tumor via coitus called _______. What is it derived from? How do thest umors affect the dogs?

A

canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT)
derived from canine histocytes
usually regress spontaneously but can metastasize in animals will poor health

67
Q

this is a dog penis. this dog is a stray. what is your number one differential?

A

canine transmissible venereal tumor

68
Q

in about 1/3 of a specific testicular tumor, dogs expeience something called feminization from hyperestrogenism. What tumor causes this and what 6 things result from this feminization effect?

A

sertoli cell tumors
1. attraction to other male dogs
2. symmetric alopecia
3. enlargement of mamary glands
4. penduloud prepuce
5. porastatic hyperplasia or squamous metaplsia
6. bone marrow suppression

VETM 425 (28 decks)

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