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VETM 425 > MSK 3 > Flashcards

MSK 3 Flashcards

1
Q

why is articular cartilage not very good at regernating?

A

there is limited blood supply

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2
Q

little lines/superficial defects in articular cartilage that look like a vinyl record?

A

erosions

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3
Q

do injuries to artcular cartilate cause pain?

A

pain requires injury to the synovium or subchondral bone. if just the articular cartilage is affected there will be no pain

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4
Q

what happens when there is a full thickness defect in the articular cartilage?

A

ulcerations form and they can become filled with fibrocartilage

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5
Q

when the articular cartilage gets injured, what is the process behind which the cartilage matrix becomes destroyed?

A

injury stimulates an increase in enzymes, cytokines, prostaglandins and other molecules, which leads to destruction of the cartilage matrix

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6
Q

this is the joint surface. the green line is pointing to _____ and the black line is pointing to ______

A

green: linear erosions
black: ulceration

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7
Q

what is the role of subcondral bone?

A

to support the articular cartilage and dissipate the forces born by the joints

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8
Q

what happens to the subcondral bone if there is damage to and/or loss of articular cartilage?

A

if there is loss of articular cartilage, the subchondral bone experiences more forces and there is a response in accordnce to Wolff’s Law (increased formation and decreased bone resorption), which leads to net bone thickening (sclerosis)–>subchondral bone sclerosis

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9
Q

what is enburnation?

A

complete ulceration of articular cartilage and exposure of subchondral bone, increase in bone density, appears polished from bone to bone contact

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10
Q

what is the following lesion?

A

eburnation/ulceration of articular cartilage

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11
Q

inflammation/injury of the synovial membrane leads to:

A

villous hypertrophy/hyperplasia

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12
Q

describe the lesion(s)

A

there is eburnation on the bone

there is also villous hypertrophy/hyperplasia

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13
Q

inflammation of the synovial membrane in response to cartilage debris is called:

A

synovitis

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14
Q

generic term for joint inflammation:

A

arthritis

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15
Q

generic term for joint disease:

A

arthropathy

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16
Q

a fluid filled sac that develops in areas of high pressure inclduing adjacent to joint:

A

hygroma

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17
Q

joint fusion is called

A

anklyoses

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18
Q

what is an osteophyte?

A

proliferative new bone along joint margins in responseto inflammation and/or joint instability

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19
Q

what are the arrows pointing to?

A

osteophytes

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20
Q

what are the two broad classifications of arthritis?

A

inflammatory (infectious or not infectious)
osteoarthritis

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21
Q

what are the 5 ways infection can get into a joint

A
  1. hematogenous
  2. extension from osteomyelitis
  3. spread from soft tissue infection
  4. iatrogenic (surgery, joint injections)
  5. penetrating injury/trauma
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22
Q

suppurative arthritis is associate with

A

bacterial infection, purulent exudate in synovial fluid

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23
Q

what are gross lesions of suppurative arthritis?

A

synovial fluid is turbid (pus) and red (hemorrhage), synovial membrane proliferation, fibrin in the joint

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24
Q

how does the articular cartilage change in suppurative arthritis ?

A

acute changes: normal to slightly thin articular cartilage
chronic changes: severe erosions/ulcerations

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25
Q

what is a cause of suppurative arthritis in cattle and pigs?

A

trueperella pyogenes

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26
Q

this is tissue from a steer. diagnosis?

A

suppurative arthritis (maybe from trueperella pyogenes infection)

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27
Q

what is a common result of embolic suppurative osteomyelitis of the growth plate in neonatal calves, foals, and lambs?

A

spread of infection into the joint space

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28
Q

what is shown here?

A

suppurative arthritis. you can see suppurative osteomyelitis near the growth plate with a pathological fracture and suppurative exudate in the joint space

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29
Q

what is fibrinous arthritis and what is it often cuased by?

A

it is when fibrinous exudate is in the synovial fluid
bacterial infection

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30
Q

what are gross lesions of fibrinous arthritis?

A

synovial fluid contains fibrin and severe synovial membrane prliferation, maybe some cartilage damage

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31
Q

what happens to the articular cartilage acutely and chronically in fibrinous arthritis?

A

acute: cartilage can be normal to slightly thin
chronic: may develop erosions/ulcerations but not consistently

32
Q

what is this disease process? is this likely acute or chronic? what caused this disease (given this is tissue from a steer)?

A

fibrinous arthritis (you can see the fibrin indicated by the black arrow)
it is likely acute because the articular cartilage appears shiny, white, and relatively thick
cause: bacterial septicemia, histophilus somni

33
Q

histophilus somni can cause lesions in what other 3 locations besies the joints?

A

the lungs (fibrous pleuritis)
the brain (meningioencephalitis)
heart (myocarditis)

34
Q

describe the outcomes of both fibrinous and suppurative arthritis if:
- inflammation is mild
- inflammation is severe

A

mild: resolution

severe: enzymes, cytokines, prostaglandins and other molecules all cause damage to the cartilage and synovial membrane causing osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease. joint rigitity, loss of function, ankylosis.

35
Q

what is the name of the tick borne spirochete bacteria associated with Lyme Disease that causes fibrinosuppurative polyarthritis?

A

borrelia burgdorferi

36
Q

mycoplasma bovis in cattle causes what MSK disease?

A

fibrinous to pyogranulomatous arthritis

37
Q

this is a stifle joint of a bison. describe the lesion. what is this and what caused it?

A

the articular cartilage is ulcerated with exposure of sunchondral bone, the joint cavity is filled with fibrin and pus

fibrinosuppurative arthritis caused by mycoplasma bovis

38
Q

viral arthritis is rare in animals but it does happen in _______ caused by ________

A

turkeys and chickens
reovirus arthritis/tenosynovitis

39
Q

what is tenosynovitis?

A

inflammation of the protective sheath that surrounds your tendons

40
Q

goats can get a virus called ________ that causes viral arthritis

A

caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus, a lentivirus

41
Q

what are clinical signs of caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus in goats?

A

severe lameness

42
Q

describe the lesions of caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus

A

fibrinous arthritis, carpal hygroma, synovial hyperplasia, bursitis

43
Q

this is tissue from the carpal joint of a goat. describe the lesions. what is your differential?

A

there is joint capsule thickening, and fibrinous exudate in joint.

this is caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus

44
Q

what is the name of the autoimmune disease in dogs that causes villus hyperplasia and synovitis but does not affect the articular cartilage?

A

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

45
Q

describe what systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is, the disease process, and the gross lesions

A

it is an autoimmune disease in dogs where there is formation of antinuclear autoantibodies.

lesions: villus hyperplasia and synovitis of synovial membrane but articular cartilage is NOT affected, neutrophils in synovial fluid

46
Q

what are cystal deposits? name two examples

A

cystalized mineral deposits in articular cartilage and other joint tissues that stimulate inflammation

ex) urates and calcium molecules

47
Q

what is Gout? what are gross lesions? clinical signs?

A

urate crystal deposits in and around joints, affects birds and reptiles

gross lesions: white, caseous material within joints

clinical signs: lameness, nonspecific signs of illness

48
Q

describe the lesions. differential?

A

digits are swollen, accumulation of white gritty material within and around joints

Gout

49
Q

this is the joint of a chicken. describe the lesion. differential?

A

chalky white exudate in the joint space/urate crystals

gout

50
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

also called degenerative joint disease, a descructive condition of articular cartilage in synovial joint. it is an end stage disease that is caused by a variety of insults that initiate joint/articular cartilage damage

51
Q

what is the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis?

A

inciting cartilage damage–> decreased proteoglycans in cartilage–>this leads to retained water and chondomalacia–>leads to abnormal wear –>leading to cartilage erosion and ulceration

52
Q

what are the main lesions of osteoarthritis? list some accompanying changes?

A

articular cartilage roughening progressing to fissures/grooves, erosions/ulcerations ans eventually ebernation (exposure of the subchondral bone)

accompanying changes:
- subchondral bone sclerosis (thinning)
- synovitis
- joint capsule fibrosis
- osteophytes
- joint stiffness
- ankylosis

53
Q

tissue from a horse. describe the lesions. differential?

A

there is synovial hyperplasia, ulcerated cartilage, and linear erosions in the articular cartilage.

this is osteoarthritis

54
Q

tissue from a dog. describe the lesions. differential?

A

the articular cartilage is thin, there are linear grooves of articular erosion

55
Q

describe a brief pathogenesis from canine hip dysplasia to osteoarthritis, and then describe lesions you might see

A

congenital joint laxity–>chronic subluxation–>severe osteoarthritis

lesions: articular cartilage erosions and ulceration, bone modeling of the acetabulum and femoral head and neck, in advanced cases eburnation and flattening of femoral head and periarticular osteophytes

56
Q

_______ is a result of intervertebral disk disease

A

ankylosing spondylosis

57
Q

what is the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc disease/ankylosing spondylosis?

A

the inner core of the vertebral disk dehydrates and increases in collagen content, annulus fibrosus weakens, leads to herniation of nucelus pulposus dorsally, leads to collpase of the disk space, leading to osteoarthritis and periosteal new bone formation (spondylosis) and ankylosis (joint fusion) = ankylosing spondylosis

58
Q

tissue from a bull. describe the lesion. differential?

A

there are osteophytes bridging and fusing adjacent vertebrae

ankylosing spondylosis

59
Q

neoplasia of the joint is _____ and typically arises from _______. two examples are:

A

rare
synovial membrane
histiocytic sarcoma
synovial cell sarcoma

60
Q

what is osteochondrosis?

A

common lesions of the growth cartilage caused by abnormal endochondral ossification = cartilage fails to calcify and is not replaced by bone

61
Q

where does osteochondrosis usually happen and what are the gross lesions?

A

location: metaphyseal grwoth plate and junction of artcular cartilage and epiphysis, often bilaterally symmetrical

gross lesions: focal grwoth cartilage retention

62
Q

describe this lesion. what is wrong with it?

A

the cartilage is extensing into the epiphysis composed of necrotic epiphyseal cartilage that has failed to undergo endochondral ossification and been retained, whereas the remainder of the cartilage has been converted to bone. the retained cartilage is yellow ish in color compared to the overlying articular cartilage due to degernation and necrosis of the retained cartilage

this is osteochondrosis

63
Q

tissue from a pig. what disease is this?

A

osteochondrosis

64
Q

what is the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis?

A

it is multifactorial but in general:
some sort of vascular injury in growth cartilage, cartilage undergoes ischemic necrosis, fails to mineralize and is not replaced by bone, articular cartilage damaged because subchondral bone is not there to support it

65
Q

what is osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)?

A

clefting from retained cartilage up through articular cartilage with exposure of subchrondral bone, flaps ay form

66
Q

what are joint mice?

A

free floating flaps within joint that can interfere with movement

67
Q

tissue from a dog. describe the lesion. differential?

A

a flap of thickened cartilage has detached from the underlyingbone. the synovium is also hyperemic and hyperplastic

osteochondrosis dissecans

68
Q

what is wobbler’s syndrome?

A

a specific condition of osteochondrosis, also called cranial cervical stenotic myelopathy, affects horses and dogs, osteochondrosis suspected to be an underlying cause of vertebral abnormalities

69
Q

animals with wobblers syndrome often have neurological signs. why?

A

it is a congenital and developmental abnormality, the cervical vertebrae are abnormal, leading to spinal cord injury myelopathy, which then leads to neurological deficiencies

70
Q

osteochondrosis can progress into

A

osteoarthritis

71
Q

what are some ways you can differentiate osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis

A
  • osteoarthritis is often in older animals, osteochondrosis is often in younger animals
  • ostearthritis is caused by cartilage desruction, osteochondrosis is caused by vascular injury leading to abnormal ossification of subarticular bone
72
Q

what is arthrogryosis? what is it caused by? what is the pathogenesis?

A

it is a congenital contraction of joints
caused by: intrauterine viral infection like blue tongue, hereditary, toxic plants

pathogenesis: inciting cause leads to decreased fetal motion during development, leading to inflexible joints

73
Q

explain why tendon stretch causes tendon injury

A

tendon stretch–>ruptured collagen fibers and capillaries –>fibrin exudation –> myofibroblasts stimulated to form scar collagen type III vs type I which is less stretchy)–> tendon is less able to stretch and prone to re injury

74
Q

what are the clinical signs of acute tendon injury vs chronic tendon injury?

A

acute: tendon is swollen, warm, painful
chronic: tendon is thicker and possibly longer than normal

75
Q

what is this?

A

bowed tendons aka tendonitis in a horse from tendon injury

VETM 425 (28 decks)

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