Respiratory 2 Flashcards
what is atelectasis? How do affeted areas appear?
incomplete distension of alveoli
affected areas are suken and darker because the alveoli walls are closer together
What are the two forms of atelectasis?
congential: the lungs are not inflated at birth
acquired: the lungs collapse after inflation takes place
what are thw two forms of acquired atelectasis?
compressive: lungs are compresed from the outside
obstructive: the airways themselves are blocked
what is empysema?
distension and rupture of the alveolar walls forming air bubbles in lung parenchyma. It can occur in the lung parenchyma itself or in the connective tissue of the lung which would be interstisial empysema
the big, confluent bubbles resulting from emphysema are called
bullae
what are the two types of empysema? which one occurs in animals most often?
primary and secondary
secondary occurs in animals: it is a secondary condition which develops as a result of other diseases
desribe how secondary emphysema happens? Is it always an important finding that indicates disease?
most often occurs via airway obstrution. the air can get past the obstruction on inspiration, but on expiration the lung contracts a bit which narrows the airways anf the air cannot escape, creating a one way valve.
it can be an agonal change at death as well so may be an incidental finding
sciency term for lungs feling crackly
crepitus
what is pulmonary congestion? Is it passive or active? What is the cause usually?
accumuation of blood and fluid in the lungs
passive
heart failure
what are heart failure cells?
alveolar macrophages filled with chewed up red blood cells
pulmonary hemorrhage can be 3 things:
gradual: endothelial damage or clotting problems
spectacular: cattle with abscesses that erode pulmonary arteries leading to sudden death
not real: the airways fill with blood if the throat has been cut
what is pulmonary edema? What is important to consider if you are trying to make a diagnosis?
accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary interstisium and alveoli
it is non specific, meaning it occurs as a result of many diseases
true or false: a small amount of fluid should leak from capillaries into the alveoli
true! the fluid is usually cleaned up by the lymphatic system or by the macrophages. when there is too much fluid or no drainage, this is when you get pulmonary edema
what are the two main causes of pulmonary edema? Briefly explain them both
cardiogenic (hydrostatic) edema: either an increase in hydrostatic blood pressure OR an inreased blood volume (like pulmonary congestion) OR decrease in colloid osmotic pressure OR lymph vessels are blocked and can’t get rid of extra fluid
permeability (inflammation related) edema: develops due to generalized inflammation in the lungs and an increase in vascular permeability which allows fluid to leak into the alveoli
what is the main lesion on post mortem that may indicate pulmonary edema was the cause of death?
Name 3 other lesions that indicate pulmonary edema
froth in the trachea. This frorth takes a while to form so it would NOT be an agonal change (these happen fast). BUT you have to see a lot of froth. If there’s just a little bit, it can be from euthanasia
the lungs fail to collapse, prominant interlobar septa (kinda looks veiny), and darker, heavy, and wet lungs
what is ARDS? are there lesions associated with it?
acute respiratory disease syndrome
NO! it is a clinical diagnosis only and there are no lesions to support it, you can’t see it grossly!
what kinds of emolbi can lodge themselves into the lung capillary beds?
thromboemboli, septic emboli, fat emboli from bone fractures, tumor emboli (common)
is primary pulmonary neoplasia common in domestic animals?
NO, it is common for neoplasia to metastasize there though!
if there was a pulmonary neoplasm in the thoracic cavity, what might this induce?
periosteal proliferation in the distal limb bones, aka, hypertrophic osteopathy
which lung lobe is most commonly affected by lung torsion?
right middle
name 4 causes of pulmonary mineralization
kidney failure, hypervitaminosis D, ingestion of toxic plants like solanum, multifocal osseous metaplasia (incidental finding in older animals)
what is pulmonary melanosis?
occurs most often in farm animals where there are melanin pigment spots in the lungs. it has NO significance and is a incidental finding. it is NOT melanoma!
what is pneumonia? what are the 4 types?
ANY inflammatory lesion in the lungs
BIGE
Bronchopneumonia
Interstisial Pneumonia
Granulomatous pneumonia
embolic penumonia
Bronchopneumonia can be ????? or ?????
suppurative, fibrinous
what is the most common form of pneumonia?
bronchopneumonia
with bronchopneumonia, inflammation is centered where? What is the consolodation? What are the causes?
airways which contain exudate
cranioventral
inhalation or aspiration of : bacteria, stomach contents, stomach tubing contents
what are the 3 common sequelae of a SUPPURATIVE bronchopneumonia
pleural adhesions
lung abscess
bronchiectasis (rupture of the bronchial wall)
how do you tell the difference between fibrin and fibrous adhesions on a lung? fibrous adhesions only indicate what?
fibrous adhesions can’t easily be pulled apart and if you did pull it off it would cause damage
fibrin can be easily peeled off surfaces and does not leave damage
that there was a previous bronchopenumonia
what is bronchiectasis (bronkie-ecto-cyst) LOL
rupture and dilation of bronchial wall due to the effects of inflammation, sort of like collateral damage
how do you tell the difference between bronchietasis and an abscess on histology?
a lung abscess is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and bronchietasis will still have remanants of the airway surrounding the pus center such as bronchial cartilage
a less common sequelae of bronchopenumonia is a pulmonary sequestrum, which is what?
a large pirce of necotic lung tissue separated by a connective tissue wall of capsule adjacent to the viable lung. the body essentially just walls it off. this process takes a long time so it is indicitave of a chronic process
interstisial peumonia is centered on ?????? and it can be caused by a number of things which include ???????
alveolar interstisium
viruses, toxic gas, antigen-antibody complexes, endothelial damage during sepsis, etc. NOT caused by inhalation of bacteria and NOT centered on the airways
on necrospy with interstisial pneumonia, the lungs will appear…. (3 things)
how do you ultimately make a diagnosis?
diffusley rubbery or meaty, may have rib imprints, and fail to collapse. and diffuse distribution of lesions
diagnosis is made thru HISTO! you can’t diagnose it based on gross examination!!!
in granulomatous pneumonia, the inflammation is centered ?????. the nodules can be ???? or ?????
in granulomas distributed thruought the lungs
discrete, confluent
granulomatous penumonia is most often caused by:????
how do these enter the body?
phagocytosis resistant bacteria or systemic fungal disease
inhaled or blood borne
what should you do if you can’t differentiate between metastatic tumor nodules and granulomatous penumonia?
look at the histology slides
with embolic pneumonia, inflammation is centered in ?????. The port of entry is ??????. Give an example
pulmonary blood arterioles and capillaries
hematenous (thru blood vessels)
ex) hematogenous spread of bacteria from a process elsewhere in the body leading to septic emboli. these are NOT phagocytic resistant bacteria!
embolic pneumomia begins with ?????? which progresses into ?????. There is ??????????? distribution of lesions thru all parts of the lung lobes
hyperemic or hemorrhagic foci, abscesses, diffuse and random
just like with granulomatous pneumonia, embolic penumonia often needs ????? to make a diagnosis
histology
name all 5 of the “things” that can fill the pleural cavities
hydro (water)
hemo (blood)
chylo (lymph/chyle)
pyo (purulent exudate)
penumo (air)
with hydrothroax, the fluid will be ?????
clear and NOT cloidy
what is a good way of telling between blood tinged hydrothorax or hemothroax?
blood clots will indicate hemothorax
what is a good way to tell if you have pyothorax in the pleura and not chylothorax?
chyle does not stick to the outer lung surface or to the pericardium. fibrinous and purulent exudate DOES stick which means with pyothorax you’ll see the pus sticks
what is important to remember about pleuritis?
it is extremely painful
how to pleuritis named?
after the type of exudate: fibrinous, suppurative, granulomatous, hemorrhagic, etc
pleuritis commonly leads to…
fibrinous then fibrous adhesions between the visceral and pareital pleura
pleuritis may occur as an extension of penumonia, but it can also happen on its own. When would this happen?
bacterial infections in which the bacteria reach the pleural through the blood (hematogenously)
