Respiratory 2 Flashcards
what is atelectasis? How do affeted areas appear?
incomplete distension of alveoli
affected areas are suken and darker because the alveoli walls are closer together
What are the two forms of atelectasis?
congential: the lungs are not inflated at birth
acquired: the lungs collapse after inflation takes place
what are thw two forms of acquired atelectasis?
compressive: lungs are compresed from the outside
obstructive: the airways themselves are blocked
what is empysema?
distension and rupture of the alveolar walls forming air bubbles in lung parenchyma. It can occur in the lung parenchyma itself or in the connective tissue of the lung which would be interstisial empysema
the big, confluent bubbles resulting from emphysema are called
bullae
what are the two types of empysema? which one occurs in animals most often?
primary and secondary
secondary occurs in animals: it is a secondary condition which develops as a result of other diseases
desribe how secondary emphysema happens? Is it always an important finding that indicates disease?
most often occurs via airway obstrution. the air can get past the obstruction on inspiration, but on expiration the lung contracts a bit which narrows the airways anf the air cannot escape, creating a one way valve.
it can be an agonal change at death as well so may be an incidental finding
sciency term for lungs feling crackly
crepitus
what is pulmonary congestion? Is it passive or active? What is the cause usually?
accumuation of blood and fluid in the lungs
passive
heart failure
what are heart failure cells?
alveolar macrophages filled with chewed up red blood cells
pulmonary hemorrhage can be 3 things:
gradual: endothelial damage or clotting problems
spectacular: cattle with abscesses that erode pulmonary arteries leading to sudden death
not real: the airways fill with blood if the throat has been cut
what is pulmonary edema? What is important to consider if you are trying to make a diagnosis?
accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary interstisium and alveoli
it is non specific, meaning it occurs as a result of many diseases
true or false: a small amount of fluid should leak from capillaries into the alveoli
true! the fluid is usually cleaned up by the lymphatic system or by the macrophages. when there is too much fluid or no drainage, this is when you get pulmonary edema
what are the two main causes of pulmonary edema? Briefly explain them both
cardiogenic (hydrostatic) edema: either an increase in hydrostatic blood pressure OR an inreased blood volume (like pulmonary congestion) OR decrease in colloid osmotic pressure OR lymph vessels are blocked and can’t get rid of extra fluid
permeability (inflammation related) edema: develops due to generalized inflammation in the lungs and an increase in vascular permeability which allows fluid to leak into the alveoli
what is the main lesion on post mortem that may indicate pulmonary edema was the cause of death?
Name 3 other lesions that indicate pulmonary edema
froth in the trachea. This frorth takes a while to form so it would NOT be an agonal change (these happen fast). BUT you have to see a lot of froth. If there’s just a little bit, it can be from euthanasia
the lungs fail to collapse, prominant interlobar septa (kinda looks veiny), and darker, heavy, and wet lungs
what is ARDS? are there lesions associated with it?
acute respiratory disease syndrome
NO! it is a clinical diagnosis only and there are no lesions to support it, you can’t see it grossly!
what kinds of emolbi can lodge themselves into the lung capillary beds?
thromboemboli, septic emboli, fat emboli from bone fractures, tumor emboli (common)
is primary pulmonary neoplasia common in domestic animals?
NO, it is common for neoplasia to metastasize there though!
