Neuro 4 (final exam material)

Question 1

what causes equine leukoencephalomalacia? gross findings?

Answer 1

mouldy corn ingestion, contaminated with the fungus fusobacterium moniliforme (fumonisin B1 toxin)

gross findings: bilateral but NOT symmetric malacia and liquefaction of the subcortical white matter

Question 2

what is nigropallidal encephalomalacia? clinical signs? what part of the brain is damaged? gross findings?

Answer 2

in horses that graze on centaurea spp like yellow star thistle and russian knapweed
C/S: persistent chewing movement without feed in the mouth

globus pallidus and substania negra

gross findings: bilateral symmetric, well demarcated areas of yellow discoloration and malacia

Question 3

what is demoic acid toxicity and who gets it

Answer 3

neurotxin made by marine algae, birds and marine mammals get it, seizures and hippocampal atrophy

Question 4

what kind of dogs do each of these affect:
- granulomatous meningoencephalitis
- necrotizing meningoencephalitis
- necrotizing leukocencephalitis

Answer 4

• small breed dogs (white matter)
• small breed dogs (grey matter)
• yorkshire terriers (cavitating areas in the white matter)

Question 5

CNS tumors are more common in ____ than other species and _____ and ____ are predisposed

Answer 5

dogs
golden ret
brachy breeds

Question 6

the most common tumor of the CNS is ____, specfislly in what animal?

Answer 6

meningioma
cats

Question 7

brachy breeds are predisposed to getting this kind of brain tumor

Answer 7

ependymoma, usually in the lateral ventricles and can cause hydrocephalus

Question 8

choroid plexus tumors are most common in the ____ and how do they grossly appear?

Answer 8

4th ventricle
granular to papillary growth

Question 9

gliomas can be from many different cell origins. what is the tumor called if it originated from:
- oligodendrocyte
- astrocyte
- microglial cell

Answer 9

• oligodendroglioma
• astrocytoma
• gliomatosis cerebri

Question 10

gliomas are most common in ____. prognosis?

Answer 10

bracy breeds, BAD usually malignant

Question 11

how do gliomas look grossly?

Answer 11

like jelly!

Question 12

what is a common finding in aged horses that isn’t really a tumor but looks like one

Answer 12

cholesteatoma, cholesterol granuloma

Question 13

what does a cholesteoma look like grossly? how do these effect the horse?

Answer 13

usually in the ventricles, yellow brown firm nodule
usually horses are asymptomatic