Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology for Pharmacy > Sleep and Wakefullness > Flashcards

Sleep and Wakefullness Flashcards

1
Q

what are the consequences of sleep deprivation?

A

weight loss, impaired cognitive abilities, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sleep may be needed to replenish __ stores in the brain

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sleep may be required for ___ consolidation

A

memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sleep is intrinsically regulated by ___

A

internal clock (circadian rhythms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sleep is extrinsically regulated by ___

A

light and dark cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

neurons require a lot of glucose during wakefulness, this glucose is provided by ___ cells

A

glia;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sleep allows for the clearing of ___ made by neurons

A

waste (o2 radicles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

t/f cellular repair happens better during sleep

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

t/f sleep is subject to regulation on multiple layers

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

light activates ___ that project into brain structures that house the internal clock

A

retinal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the body and brain can regenerate in what stage of sleep?

A

non rem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

heart rate and respiratory rate ___ in NREM

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NREM sleep is longer and deeper at what point in the night?

A

early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

REM sleep is also called __ sleep

A

paradoxical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

REM sleep is characterized by

A

rapid eye movements, but inactivation of skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

heart rate and respiratory rate ___ in REM sleep

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

REM sleep is longer and more frequent at what point in the night?

A

later in sleep phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dreams occur in what stage of sleep?

A

REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

memory consolidation occurs in what stage of sleep?

A

REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

t/f it is suggested that REM sleep may have some metabolic demand

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

electroencephalogram EEG allows measurement of

A

neuronal activity (mainly of the cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does an EEG look like during wakefulness?

A

high frequency low amplitude waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

with low amplitude, high frequency waves, what can be said about the neurons of the cortex?

A

asynchronous , everyone doing their own function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what rhythm is seem in attentive wakefulness?

A

beta (>13 Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what rhythm is seen in inattentive wakefulness?

A

alpha (8-13 Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does an EEG look like for NREM sleep?

A

low-frequency, high amplitude waves

27
Q

low-frequency, high amplitude waves suggest what of the neurons in the cortex?

A

synchronous

28
Q

the wave frequency of NREM sleep gets substantially slower during what stages of sleep?

A

2-4

29
Q

what does an EEG look like form REM sleep?

A

high-frequency, low amplitude waves (similar to awake)

30
Q

pharmacological action of benzodiazepines

A

potentiate actions of GABA and promote sleep

31
Q

pharmacological action of nonbenzodiazepines

A

potentiate actions of GABA and promote sleep

32
Q

pharmacological action of antihistamines

A

block histamines, promote drowsiness

33
Q

pharmacological action of antidepressants

A

inhibit reupatke / breakdown of monoamines, suppress REM

34
Q

pharmacological action of methylphenidate

A

inhibit reuptake of NE, cause attention (used to treat ADHD)

35
Q

in response to external stimuli, the limbic system generates __ and __

A

goal-directed behaviour and emotions

36
Q

goal-directed behaviours are reinforced by ___ and diminished by __

A

rewards; aversive stimuli

37
Q

goal-directed behaviour subserves both __ and __

A

primary needs and acquired desires

38
Q

what are emotions?

A

outwards expressions, autonomic and hormonal responses

39
Q

structure of the amygdala

A

2 almond shaped structures of nuclei found deep within the temporal lobes

40
Q

the amygdala gets sensory input and initiates ___ behaviour

A

fear-related

41
Q

what is fear conditioning?

A

association of initially neutral stimuli with some adverse stimuli

42
Q

what structure stores memories associated with fear conditioning?

A

amygdala

43
Q

the hypothalamus initiates changes in tone of the ANS, leading to changes is ___, ___ etc

A

heart rate, respiratory

44
Q

the ___ elicits changes in hormonal secretions

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

the ___ elicits somatic motor responses generating outward expression of emotion

A

hypothalamus

46
Q

the ___ is the output region of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway is part of the __ system

A

limbic

48
Q

what is the function of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway?

A

generation of pleasure and reward-oriented behaviour

49
Q

outline the mechanism of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

the ventral basal nuclei is de-repressed through inout from the hippocampus and amygdala and facilitated by activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral segmental area of the brainstem, resulting in rewarding effect

50
Q

what is the function of the ventral basal nuclei?

A

normally represses initiation of goal-oriented behaviour

51
Q

the release of dopamine when completing goal-directed behaviour can be beneficial, but can also result in __

A

addiction

52
Q

psychoactive drugs are typically structurally related to ___

A

dopamine

53
Q

psychoactive drugs result in the increase activation of __

A

ventral striatum

54
Q

frequent use of psychoactive drugs can cause:

A

addiction, drug tolerance, psychological and physical dependence

55
Q

t/f even psychoactive substances structurally unleaded to dopamine (cocaine, opiates, alcohol) can act by enhancing the dopaminergic activation of the ventral striatum

A

true

56
Q

unipolar depression / major depressive disorder

A

pervasive low mood, lose interest, withdrawal from social situations

57
Q

what % of men and women suffer from MDD?

A

10-25% of women and 5-10% of men

58
Q

bipolar spectrum disorder / manic depression

A

alternating episodes of mania and MDD

59
Q

what are the proposed causes of mood disorders?

A
  1. combination genetic and social factors
  2. altered blood flow and neuronal activity in limbic cortex and amygdala
  3. monoamine theory of depression
60
Q

what is the monoamine theory of depression?

A

cause of depression is lack of serotonin, NE and dopamine

61
Q

list 3 treatments for mood disorders

A
  1. monoamine oxidase inhibitors (block breakdown of serotonin, NE and dopamine)
  2. tricyclic antidepressants (block reuptake of serotonin and NE)
  3. selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
62
Q

t/f SSRIs are typically very effective for MDD

A

true

63
Q

there are more than __ gene variants linked to depression

A

100

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions