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Physiology for Pharmacy > Endocrine 1: Hormonal Signals > Flashcards

Endocrine 1: Hormonal Signals Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system is a complex network consisting of ___, ___ and___

A

glands; hormones; effect on target

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2
Q

t/f glands secrete specific things based on specific stimulus

A

t

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3
Q

do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

no

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4
Q

endocrine glands empty directly into ___

A

blood

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5
Q

what are hormones? where are they produced and secreted?

A

a variety of chemical signalling molecules produced by the endocrine cells or glands and secreted into the blood

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6
Q

t/f hormones can travel in the bloodstream to target cells that are both nearby or far away

A

t

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7
Q

hormones act on specific receptors either on the ___ or __

A

cell membrane or inside the cell

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8
Q

what is the major signalling pathway in the endocrine system?

A

classical endocrine signalling

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9
Q

what are the 4 types of signalling in the endocrine system?

A
  1. classical endocrine
  2. neuroendocrine
  3. autocrine regulation
  4. paracrine regulation
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10
Q

what happens in classic endocrine signalling?

A

hormone leaves endocrine cell and travels through the blood to a target cell anywhere in the body

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11
Q

what happens in neuroendocrine signalling?

A

neurohormones are secreted from neuroendocrine cells and travel through the blood to a target cell anywhere in the body

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12
Q

what happens in autocrine regulation?

A

the hormone that is released acts on the same cell that released it

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13
Q

what happens in paracrine regulation?

A

released hormone acts on a nearby cell

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14
Q

the main function of many hormones is to stimulate the release of ____

A

other hormones

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15
Q

what are the 2 ways hormones maintain homeostasis?

A

metabolism and osmoregulation

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16
Q

what are the 6 main functions of hormones?

A
  1. stimulate other hormones
  2. homeostasis
  3. coordinate develpoment
  4. regulate groth and morphology
  5. reproduction
  6. behavioural and social interaction
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17
Q

t/f adipocytes have important endocrine functions

A

t

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18
Q

which glands only have endocrine function?

A

pituitary and thyroid

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19
Q

which glands have endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

pancreas

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20
Q

which part of pancreas secretion is Eno/exo ?

A

endocrine : insulin

exocrine: digestive function

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21
Q

what are the 3 major types of stimuli in the endocrine system?

A
  1. humoral
  2. neural
  3. hormonal
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22
Q

what is humeral stimulus?

A

control of hormone release based on changes in extracellular fluids (eg Ions, glucose levels)

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23
Q

explain how the parathyroid glands are involved in humeral stimulus when blood Ca is low

A

parathyroid senses low Ca and secreted PTH which acts to raise Ca

24
Q

what is neural stimulus?

A

when the nervous system directly stimulates the endocrine glands to release hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stress)

25
Q

how does the neural stimulation of the endocrine system work?

A

the preganglion sympathetic fibers from the spinal cord stimulated the adrenal medulla cells causing the adrenal gland to release catecholamines into the bloodstream

26
Q

what is hormonal stimulation?

A

release of hormone in response to another hormones

27
Q

the hypothalamus secreted hormones that stimulates hormone release from the ___, which stimulates hormone release from ___

A

anterior pituitary; other endocrine glands (such as gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex)

28
Q

amino acid derivative hormones are derived form ___

A

tyrosine

29
Q

amino acid derivative hormones are released from the ___ and __

A

thyroid and adrenal medula

30
Q

what are 2 examples of amino acid derivative hormones?

A

epinephrine and T4/T3

31
Q

peptide and protein hormones are made of

A

peptides

32
Q

peptide hormone are secreted from the __ and __ _

A

anterior pituitary and pancreas

33
Q

what are 2 examples of peptide hormones?

A

gastrin and insulin

34
Q

peptide hormones mostly bind to what type of receptor?

A

cell surface

35
Q

steroid hormones are derived from ___

A

cholesterol

36
Q

steroid hormones are secreted from the __ and __

A

adrenal cortex and gonads

37
Q

2 examples of steroid hormones

A

testosterone and oestrogen

38
Q

what are tropic hormones?

A

hormones secreted to act on endocrine cells which will then secrete their own (non-tropic) hormones

39
Q

what are tropic hormones?

A

secreted by the endocrine cells and then act directly on effector

40
Q

what is the function tropic hormones/

A

regulate production and secretion of hormones by other endcrine cells

41
Q

2 examples of tropic hormones

A

FSH and TSH

42
Q

what is the function of non-tropic hormones?

A

regulate cellular functions ranging from autophagy and metabolism atoms proliferation and cell death

43
Q

give 2 examples of non-tropic hormones

A

oestrogen and vasopressin (ADH)

44
Q

wate soluble hormones bind to ___ receptor and activate ___(quickly or slowly) and have _____term effects

A

cell surface; quickly; long

45
Q

MOA of water soluble hormones

A

bind to cell surface receptor, second messengers activate or deactivate enzyme that produce cellular response

46
Q

lipophilic hormones bind to ___ receptors and act ____ and have ____term effects

A

cytoplasmic and nucleic; slowly; long

47
Q

MOA for lipophilic hormones (action in nuclear)

A
  1. cross membrane
  2. bind to cytosolic receptor (kept inactive by heat shock proteins)
  3. HSP released, conformation change of receptor
  4. receptor and hormone enter the nuclei
  5. bind to DNA and initiate transcription
  6. mRNA enters cytoplasm and new protein is made
48
Q

what is the most common receptor type in the endocrine system?

A

GPCR

49
Q

how does hormonal signalling by GPCRs work?

A

binding activates G protein (GI) which activates adenyl cyclase to make cAMP which activates PKA to phosphorylate proteins (enzymes) to carry out response

50
Q

what happens when an activated G protein activates PLC?

A

turns PIP2 into IP3 and DAG, IP3 opens Ca channels which acts as a second messenger to activate various proteins with different responses

51
Q

___% of all drugs are GPCR targeting

A

50

52
Q

2 examples og GPRC targeting drugs

A

sumatriptan (migraine) and oxytocin (induce labor)

53
Q

thyroid hormones act very much like steroid hormones except that their receptor are generally always ___

A

already in the nucleus

54
Q

thyroid hormones most likely cross the cell membrane by ___ but there may also be ___ involves

A

difusion; carrier mediated transport

55
Q

cell surface receptors can be ___ and __ in response to prolonged hormone release / levels

A

internalized and degraded

56
Q

most endocrine feedback loops are __, meaning ___

A

negative; meaning when target tissues make more of the desired product, the endocrine uncharge of making the hormone to stimulate the production slows down on hormone release

57
Q

an increase in plasma glucose causes release of what hormone?

A

insulin

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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