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Physiology for Pharmacy > Endocrine 3: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Endocrine 3: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

the ___,___ and ___ undergo periodic cyclic changes (structural and functional) from puberty to menopause

A

uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries

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2
Q

____ is the initiation of the menstrual cycle

A

menarche

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3
Q

the menstrual cycle averages about ___ days

A

28-30

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4
Q

during ____, the ovaries cease their reproductive and endocrine functions

A

menopause

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5
Q

menopause typically occurs between the ages of ___

A

45-50

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6
Q

when does menarche occur? (age)

A

9-12

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7
Q

what are the 2 main stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular and luteal

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8
Q

what happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

bleeding begins

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9
Q

what happens on days 1-7 of menstrual cycle?

A

multiple follicles develop and on day 7 the dominant one is selected

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10
Q

what happens between days 7-14 of the menstraul cycle?

A

dominant follicle develops and on day 14 ovulation

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11
Q

what happens between days 14-25 of the menstrual cycle?

A

the corpus lute functions

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12
Q

what happens between days 25-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

the corpus luteum degenerates

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13
Q

the follicular phase is from days ____ to ___

A

1-14

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14
Q

the luteal phase is from days ___ to ___

A

14-28

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15
Q

____ are paired, plum-shaped white organs about 3cm long, 1.5 cm wide and 1cm thick

A

ovaries

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16
Q

what are the 2 different regions of the ovaries?

A

medulla and cortex

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17
Q

the medulla of the ovary is located in the ___ portion of the ovary, it contains ____ tissue with ___ and ___ vessels and ____

A

central; loose connective; blood and lymph vessels and nerves

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18
Q

the cortex of the ovary is located in the ____ portion of the ovary, and contains ____ embedded in ___tissues

A

outer; ovarian follicles; connective

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19
Q

is there a distinct boundary between the ovarian cortex and medulla?

A

no

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20
Q

what are the 2 functions or the ovaries?

A
  1. development and production of games oocytes

2. synthesis and secretion steroid hormones

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21
Q

what are 2 steroid hormones secreted by the ovaries?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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22
Q

what is the role of estrogen?

A

responsible for growth and maturation of sex organs, mammary gland and sex characteristics

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23
Q

what is the role of progesterone?

A

prepares internal sex organs for pregnancy and mamary gland for lactation

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24
Q

lactation is also called

A

alveolar proliferation

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25
Q

the structural and functional changes associated with menstrual cycle are controlled through a neurohormonal mechanism called the ______

A

hypothalamic pituitary gonadla axis

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26
Q

does the HPGA act as a single or multiple entities?

A

single

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27
Q

FSH stimulates the _____in the ovary before the release of an egg in ovulation, and also increases the production ___

A

growth of follicles; oestradiol

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28
Q

LH stimulates ovaries to produces ___

A

oestradiol

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29
Q

what is the function of oestradiol? (2)

A

causes release of egg during ovulation and stimulates the corpus luteum to make progesterone in case os fertilization

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30
Q

what are the 2 parts of the follicle?

A

egg surrounded by steroidogenic cells

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31
Q

what are the 2 types of steroidogenic cells in the follicle?

A

granulosa and theca cells

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32
Q

after ovulation, the oocyte remains viable for only ____hrs

A

24

33
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization does not occur?

A

degenerates and passes through the uterine tube

34
Q

what are the 3 main phases of follicle development?

A
  1. primordial follicles
  2. growing follicles
  3. mature follicles
35
Q

primordial follicles consist of

A

oocyte surrounded by single layer of flat follicle cells

36
Q

growing follicles are divided into what 3 categories?

A
  1. primary follicle
  2. preantral follicle
  3. early antral follicle
37
Q

in the primary follicle ____hormone causes the oocyte to enlarge and follicle cells divide to form a ___primary follicle. between the oocyte and follicle cells there is a thick extracellular glycoprotein layer called the ___

A

FSH; unilamilar; zona pellucida

38
Q

in the preantral phase, the granulose cells ___ to form ___, while the stromal cells differentiate into ___ known as ___

A

further divide; multiple layers ; sheet of connective tissue; early theca cells

39
Q

in the early antral phase, both the theca and the granuloza cells ___ and within the cell layers, a fluid-filled space develops called the ___

A

proliferate; antrum

40
Q

the oocyte is connected to the surrounding cell layers by the ___

A

cumulus oophorous

41
Q

a mature follicle is also called a ___

A

Graafian follicle

42
Q

the making of a mature follicle is driven by ____ and ___stimulation

A

FSH and LH

43
Q

most follicles degenerate through ___

A

atresia

44
Q

by the beginning of reproductive lifespan, about ____oocytes are in the ovary, but only about ___ will ovulate

A

400 000, 450

45
Q

the mechanism for choosing the dominant follicle follows the ___ model of the ovary

A

two-gonadotropin

46
Q

explain the two cell/two gonadotropin theory of follicle development

A

estrogen is produced in the granulose cells by aromatization of androgens in the theca cells; this is catalyzed by aromatase which is enhanced by FSH stimulation of specific receptor of these cells

47
Q

a combination of ___ and ___ effects is responsible for the release of oocyte in the middle of the menstrual cycle

A

hormonal and enzymatic

48
Q

what are the 3 follicular phases?

A

early, late, luteal

49
Q

when do LH and FSH spike?

A

during ovulation to push egg out

50
Q

when do estrogen and inhibin spike?

A

during ovulation and middle of luteal phase

51
Q

when does progesterone spike?

A

during luteal phase

52
Q

during the early follicle stage, FSH ____in response to removal of negative feedback by ____ and ____ following the loss of the corpus luteum at the end of the previous cycle

A

increases; estrogen and progesterone

53
Q

the rise of FSH in the early folicle stage promotes the development of follicles whose ___ cells will secrete ___

A

granulosa; estrogen

54
Q

estrogen has ___ effects on the hypothalamus and pituitary, so when the follicles release it, it causes the FSH secretion to ___

A

negative; drop

55
Q

estrogen stimulates the expression of ____ receptors, making granulose cells more receptive to it

A

FSH

56
Q

during what follicle phase is the dominant follicle chosen?

A

late

57
Q

the dominant follicle produces large amounts of ___ and small amounts of ___

A

estrogen; progesterone

58
Q

the rapid rise in estrogen with some progesterone caused by the dominant follicle results in the positive feedback effect on the secretion of ____ and ___

A

GnRH and LH

59
Q

high levels of LH triggered in the late follicle phase is what induces ___ by ___

A

ovulation by weakening the follicle wall, causing the egg to burst through

60
Q

the early to mid stages of the luteal phase is characterized by differentiation of granuloza and theca into the ____ which sectretes some ___ and large amounts of___

A

corpus luteum (yellow body); estrogen; progesterone

61
Q

the luteal phase is characterized by low levels of __ and __, resulting from the negative feedback effects of ___a dn __

A

FSH and LH. estrogen and progesterone

62
Q

at the end of the luteal phase w/o pregnancy, the corpus luteum ___ and ____ causes mentrual bleeding and a rise in ___ and___ hormones

A

degenerates; loss of steroid hormone production; LH ad FSH

63
Q

a fertilized egg takes several days to transit to the Fallopian tube, during which the ____ of the corpus luteum prepare the uterine wall for implantation of the blastocyst

A

hormonal secretions

64
Q

after the release of the ovum, the remaining follicles true into __ which produce ___ and prepares for pregnancy

A

corpus luteum; progesterone

65
Q

in preparation for blastocyst implantation, the epithelial cells begin to store __

A

glycogen

66
Q

pregnancy lasts about ___ days

A

280

67
Q

pregnancy is counted from the ___ day of the last menstrual cycle

A

first

68
Q

the first sign of pregnancy is often ___

A

amenorrhea (loss of period)

69
Q

what hormone is used in pregnancy tests?

A

positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a glycoprotein produced by syncytiotrophoblast

70
Q

pregnancy tests can recognize pregnancy within ___ days after fertilization

A

7-8

71
Q

hCG levels ____ every 2 days in early pregnancy and then declines when the ____ unit takes over steroid production

A

doubles; feta-placental

72
Q

driven by ___, ___, ___, and ___, ,the mammary glands undergo several changes needed for lactation

A

estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, placental lactogen

73
Q

prolactin induces ___ and oxytocin promotes __

A

milk production; milk ejection

74
Q

the hypothalamus secretes ___ to the ____ pituitary to produce prolactin

A

prolactin releasing hormone, anterior

75
Q

the hypothalamus uses the ___ to secrete oxytocin form the ___ pituitary

A

paraventricular nucleus; posterior

76
Q

PTH related peptide is released by breast ___ cells

A

epithelia

77
Q

PTHrP secretion is controlled by ___, ___ and a ___ receptor

A

sucking, prolactin, ca

78
Q

what is the effect of PTHrP on bone resorption and release of Ca and PO4 in the breastmilk?

A

increases both

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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