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Physiology for Pharmacy > Cardiology 5: Integration and Regulation > Flashcards

Cardiology 5: Integration and Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

the determinants of arterial blood pressure can be ___ or ___

A

physical or physiological

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2
Q

list 2 physiological factors that influence arterial BP

A

cardiac output and periperal resistance

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3
Q

list 2 physical factors that influence arterial BP

A

arterial blood volume and arterial compliance

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4
Q

the body will alter all other factors to maintain ___

A

arterial blood pressure

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5
Q

arteriole baroreceptors are ___ receptors located in the __ and ___

A

stretch, carotod sinuses and aortic arch

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6
Q

stretch of the arterial baroreceptors ____ receptor firing and inhibits ____ outflow from the pressor region. This is called the ___ effect

A

increases; sympathetic; dpressor

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7
Q

which of the arterial barorecptors is most sensitive?

A

carotid

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8
Q

arterial baroreceptors are the key to ___term adjustment of bp

A

short

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9
Q

cardiopulmonary baroreceptors are ___ receptors in the __, ___ and ___

A

atria, ventricles and pulmonary vessels

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10
Q

cardiopulmonary baroreceptors inhibit ____ outflow from the pressor region, but also inhibit release of factors important to ____ (such as angiotensin, aldosterone, vasopressin)

A

sympathetic; water retention

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11
Q

cardiopulmonary baroreceptors work to ___ BP

A

increase

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12
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are ___ bodies in the __ and ___

A

small; carotid sinuses and aortic arch

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13
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by decreased __ and increased __

A

PO2 and pH; PCO2 and H+

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14
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors primarily affect __, but also stimulate ___

A

respiration; pressor region

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15
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors can also be found in the heart and cause ___ in response to low O2

A

pain (angina)

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16
Q

central chemoreceptors are located in the __ and respond to changes in ___ and __ but not ___

A

brain; PCO2 and pH; PO2

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17
Q

central chemoreceptors directly stimulate ____ regions of the medulla, causing ____ outflow and arteriole __

A

chemo-sensitive; sympathetic; constriction

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18
Q

stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus __bP, while syimulation of the anterior hypothalamus ___BP

A

raises; lowers

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19
Q

the hypothalamus contains ___sensation that controls blood flow to the skin

A

temperature

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20
Q

stimulation of motor and premotor cortexes results in __-response, while emotional stimuli may result in a ___ response (such as fainting or blushing)

A

pressor; depressor

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21
Q

painful stimulation of the skin causes a ___ response while distention causes ___ response

A

pressor; depressor

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22
Q

in the barorecptor reflex, the sudden change in arterial blood pressure causes a(n) ____ change in heart rate

A

inverse

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23
Q

the baroreceptor reflex is most pronounced ____ range of blood pressure

A

intermediate

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24
Q

in the bainbridge reflex, stretch o f the right atrium by increased ___ causes a___ in heart rate

A

venous return ; increase

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25
Q

at a slow heart rate, increased volume causes ___ in bp

A

increase

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26
Q

at fast heart rate, increased volume casues __ in BP

A

decrease

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27
Q

during hemorrhage, cardiac output and arterial pressure ___ and arterial pulse becomes __ and __

A

drops; fast and feeble

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28
Q

during hemorrhage, skin veins ___, making skin __ and __

A

collapse; moist and blue

29
Q

during hemorrhage, respiration rate is ___ and the depth may be ___

A

rapid; shallow or deep

30
Q

if blood loss is sufficient to decrease mean pressure to 50mmHg, what tends to happen to pressure?

A

rise over next 30 minutes and continues until normotensive, or pressure falls dramatically until death (hemorrhagic shock)

31
Q

during hemorrhage, various adjustment occur by ___ feedback loops

A

negative

32
Q

during hemorrhage, the baroreceptor resposne is___-, causing a ___ in parasympathetic and a __ in sympathetic tone

A

decrease; increase

33
Q

during hemorrhage, arteriole constriction ___, minimizing the fall of arterial bp

A

increases

34
Q

arterial pressure drops below __mmHg cannot evoke barorecptor response as they are belowe threshold

A

60

35
Q

why can chemoreceptors take over for baroreceptors when arterial bp drops below threshold?

A

low blood flow leads to hypoxia which stimulates chemo

36
Q

in response to hemorrhage, chemoreceptors ___ peripheral vasoconstriction and ___ respiration, which increases___

A

increase; increase; venous return

37
Q

the cerebral ischemic response occurs when the arterial pressure falls below ___mmHG and ___ and ___ resposnes are recruited

A

40; sympathetic and adrenal

38
Q

during cerebral ischemic response the sympathetic discharge is increased several times, increasing __ and __

A

vasoconstriction and contractility

39
Q

with more severe ischemia, ____ centres become activated, resulting in bradycardia and reduced blood pressure

A

parasympathetic

40
Q

what are 2 endogenous vasoconstrictors released by the adrenal gland during hemorrhage?

A

Ne and E

41
Q

when bp drops to 40mmHg there is a __fold increase in NE and E

A

50

42
Q

during hemorrhage, vasopressin is secreted by the ___ due to baroreceptors or left atrial stretch receptors

A

posterior pituitary

43
Q

in hemorrhage, reduced renal perfusion causes secreation of ___, which results in production of potent vasoconstrictor __

A

renin; angiotensin 2

44
Q

during hemorrhage, tissue fluid reabsorption occurs due to __-forces

A

starling

45
Q

during hemorrhage, reduce arterial and venous pressure and increased arteriole constriction lowers ___pressure in the capillaries, which promotes net absorption of ___ into vessels

A

hydrostatic; interstitial fluid

46
Q

during hemorrhage, there is renal conservation of __ ad __

A

salt and water

47
Q

during hemorrhage, ___ and ___ activity promote fluid and electrolyte retention by the kidney s

A

vasopressin and sympathetci

48
Q

lower arterial pressure ___ glomerular filtration rate and elevated angiotensin 2 levels stimulates release of ___form the adrenal cortex. Both act to ___ fluid and electrolyte loss

A

decreases; aldosterone; decrease

49
Q

t/f bp normally increases with age

A

true

50
Q

hypertension is the persistent elevation of bp beyond __

A

normal range

51
Q

what are the 2 general forms of hypertension?

A
  1. renal hypertension

2. essential hypertension

52
Q

what is the cause of renal hypertension??

A

increased activity of renin-angiotensin system

53
Q

what is the cause of essential hypertension?

A

cause unknown, but risk fators include genetics, obesity, lifestyle and smoking

54
Q

what are the 2 common consequences of hypertension?

A

hypertrophy and atherosclerosis

55
Q

hypertrophy is the result of the heart pumping against chronically elecated __, which causes the ventricle to become stiff, requiring higher __ and becoming more dependent on atrial contraction

A

afterload ; preload

56
Q

atherosclerosis can cause: ___, ___, ___disease and ___disease

A

MI; stroke; peripheral vascular; renal

57
Q

what are the 2 principal treatments of hypertension?

A
  1. lower cardiac output

2. vasodilation

58
Q

what are 3 ways to lower cardiac output to treat hypertension?

A

reduce salt intake; B blockers; diuretics

59
Q

what are 2 ways to improve vasodilation to treat hypertension?

A
  1. calcium channel blocker

2. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

60
Q

congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to ___

A

pump enough cardiac output

61
Q

what are the 2 primary causes of congestive heart failure?

A

diastolic dysfunction and systolic dysfunction

62
Q

what are the 2 primary consequences of congestive heart failure?

A
  1. reduced cardiac output/bp

2. fluid retention

63
Q

what are 3 consequences of reduced cardiac output/pressure in CHF?

A
  1. increased heart rate
  2. vasoconstriction
  3. fluid retention
64
Q

what are the 4 principal treatments for CHF?

A
  1. diuretics
  2. ionotropic drugs
  3. vasodilators
  4. B blockers
65
Q

what is the role of diuretics in treating CHF?

A

increase Na and water secretion (reduce fluid retention)

66
Q

what is the role of ionotropic drugs in treating CHF?

A

digoxin (increase ca for improved contractility )

67
Q

what is the role of vasodilators in treating CHF?

A

ACE inhibitors to reduce afterload

68
Q

what is the role of B blockers to treat CHF?

A

reduce sympathetic drive to the heart (suspected to reduce workload)

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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