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Physiology for Pharmacy > Lecture 5: Control Breathing > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Control Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 elements that control the respiratory system? What are their functions?

A
  1. sensors that gather info
  2. central controller in the brain that coordinates info and sends impulses
  3. effectors (respiratory muscles) receive impulses and affect ventilation
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2
Q

what structures are the sensors of the respiratory system?

A

chemoreceptors and other other lung receptors

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3
Q

what brain structures are the central control of breathing?

A

pons, medulla and other parts

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4
Q

what are the pontine respiratory structures (in the pons)

A

pneumotaxic area and the apneustic area

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5
Q

what are the medullary respiratory structures?

A
  1. pre-botzinger complex
  2. ventral respiratory group
  3. dorsal respiratory group
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6
Q

diaphragm and intercostal muscles require ____ to inititate inspirations

A

stimulation by motor nerves

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7
Q

the destruction of motor nerves feeding the inspiratory muscles would lead to ___

A

paralysis of respiratory muscles and death

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8
Q

give an example of a disease that causes damage to nerves feeding the respiratory muscles

A

poliomyelitits

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9
Q

the diaphragm is innervated by the ___ nerve

A

phrenic

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10
Q

what brain structure sends signals to muscles of inspiration to contract?

A

DRG

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11
Q

the AP sent by the DRG lasts for ___

A

2 sec

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12
Q

the pre-botzinger complex is also known as the ____generating complex becasue it has ____ cells that set the ___ of normal breathing

A

rhythm; pacemaker; rhythm

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13
Q

where does the input to pacemaker cells likely come from?

A

DRG

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14
Q

the pacemaker cells in the VRG likely drive the rate at which DRG inspiratory neurons ___

A

fire AP

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15
Q

the lower VRG contains fibers that fire during ___

A

forceful inspiration and expiration

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16
Q

medullary inspiratory neurons receive input from the areas in the pons, which act to ___

A

fine-tune the output and may stop inspiration

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17
Q

the pneumotaxic area is located in the ___ pons

A

superior

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18
Q

the apneustic area is located in the ___ pons

A

inferior

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19
Q

the pneumotaxic area modulates activity of the ___ area

A

apneustic

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20
Q

the _____ area sends inhibitory signals to the DRG to terminate inspiration

A

PA

21
Q

when the PA is activated, the breathing rate is more __

A

rapid

22
Q

____ is involved in smoothing the transition between inspiration and expiratiion

A

PA

23
Q

t/f the normal rhythm of breathing can exist without the PA

A

true

24
Q

the ____ sends stimulatory stimuli to the DRG to prolong inspiration

A

AA

25
Q

when the AA is active the rate of respiration ___

A

slows

26
Q

t/f the AA is typically overridden by the PA

A

true

27
Q

t/f the significance of the AA in adult humans is unclear as its loss poses no significant issues in this group

A

true

28
Q

what is apneustic breathing? what is the breathing rate per minute? What is this style of breathing associated with?

A

prolonged inspiration and short expiration; 1.5 bpm; head injury

29
Q

chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to changes in what chemicals?

A

O2, CO2, H+

30
Q

central chemoreceptors are located on the __

A

ventral surface of the medulla

31
Q

____ chemoreceptors are important for minute to minute control of breathing

A

central

32
Q

central chemoreceptors respond to changes in ____ and indirectly to changes in ___

A

pH of CSF; Pco2 in the artery

33
Q

why do central chemoreceptors respond indirectly to changes in arterial PCO2?

A

because the CO2 crosses the BBB and eneters the CSF where it is converted to HCO3- and H+

34
Q

peripheral chemioreceptors are located in the ___ and ___

A

aortic arch (aortic bodies) and bifurcation of the common carotid arteries (carotid bodies)

35
Q

the chemoreceptors in the carotid test the blood before it enters the ___

A

brain

36
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors trigger increased ventillation in response to ____, ___, or __

A

decreased Po2, increased Pco2, or increased protons in arterial blood

37
Q

t/f we can tolerate changes in o2 much better than changes in co2

A

true

38
Q

voluntary control of breathing can be achieved by descending pathways from the ___ to the __

A

cerebral cortex to the respiratory muscle motor neurons

39
Q

can voluntary breathing be maintained in the presence of involuntary stimulus such as increased co2?

A

no, its impossible

40
Q

input from the ___ and ___ can stimulate the respiratory system, allowing emotional stimuli to affect respiration

A

hypothalamus and limbic system

41
Q

physical or chemical stimuli can trigger ___ in the upper airways to trigger a cough or sneezing

A

irritant receptors

42
Q

what is the diving reflex?

A

cold water stimulates nasal or facial receptors to stop breathing to protect against aspiration of water

43
Q

what are 4 influences on respiration?

A
  1. voluntary conrtrol
  2. emotional state
  3. irriation of airways
  4. diving reflex
44
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

dificiency of oxygen at the tissue level

45
Q

what are the 4 classes of hypoxia?

A
  1. hypoxic hypoxia
  2. anemic hypoxia
  3. ischemic hypoxia
  4. histotoxic hypoxia
46
Q

what is hypoxic hypoxia and an example of it?

A

aterial PO2 is reduced, ex: at high altitude or with airway obstruction

47
Q

what is anemic hypoxia and an example of it?

A

total blood O2 is reduced due to low RBC, low or abnormal Hb, or CO competition; ex: CO poisoning and anemia

48
Q

what is ischemic hypoxia and an example of it?

A

blood flow to tissues is too low to provide enough o2 ; ex: due to obstruction of bv

49
Q

what is histotoxic hypoxia and an example of it?

A

quantity of O2 reaching tissues is normal, but cell is unable to use it due to interference with cells metabolic apparatus EX: cyanide poisoning

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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