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Physiology for Pharmacy > Neuro: Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Neuro: Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

define sensory receptor

A

neuronal specialization that allows transduction of physical stimuli into neural activity

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2
Q

during transduction, a sensory receptor converts stimulus energy into ____

A

receptor potential

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3
Q

a receptor potential is which type of potential?

A

graded

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4
Q

if the the receptor potential reaches threshold for opening gated Na channels, a __ is generated

A

action potential

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5
Q

information from sensory receptors is relayed to ___ by release and detection of __

A

interneurons ; neurotransmitters

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6
Q

after the interneuron, information is processed and __ on its way to the __

A

integrated, cerebral cortex/subcortical area

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7
Q

sensory receptors can be what 2 things?

A
  1. peripheral nerve endings of sensory neutron

2. specialized cells that synapse with sensory neutron

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8
Q

t/f encapsulation of nerve ending changes the ability of the nerve ending to sense stimuli

A

true

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9
Q

mechanoreceptors sense __

A

changes is stretch and pressure

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10
Q

mechanoreceptors are located ___

A

skin, muscle, tendons, blood vessels

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11
Q

thermoreceptors sense _

A

cold/warmth

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12
Q

thermoreceptors are located __

A

skin

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13
Q

photoreceptors sense __

A

light

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14
Q

photoreceptors are located _

A

retina

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15
Q

chemoreceptors are located

A

tongue and nose

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16
Q

chemoreceptors sense _

A

certain chemical compounds

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17
Q

nociceptors are located _

A

throughout the body

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18
Q

nociceptors sense _

A

stimuli causing tissue damage

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19
Q

what is the most unique class of receptors?

A

nociceptors

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20
Q

nociceptors are polymodal, meaning __

A

they respond to a number of different stimuli

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21
Q

t/f each receptor type is particular partial to one stimulus modality, but can be stimulated by other types if the stimulus is strong enough

A

true

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22
Q

t/f all receptors of the primary sensory neurons respond tp the same stimulus modality

A

true

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23
Q

define receptive field

A

area of body surface in which stimulus leads to activation of sensoryneuron

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24
Q

stimulas location can be determined by neurons in the __ based on __

A

brain; which sensory receptors in the periphery have been activated

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25
Q

there is a ___ organization of sensory afferents in the cerebral cortex

A

topographical

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26
Q

acuity is based on receptive field __

A

size

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27
Q

what is acuity?

A

precision of stimulus location

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28
Q

the __ the size of the receptive field, the greater the acuity

A

smaller

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29
Q

the receptive field size is often determined by __

A

density of sensory neurons

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30
Q

what organization of sensory neurons would award the greater acuity?

A

high density of the same modality

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31
Q

how can acuity be acuity be measured?

A

2-point discrimination threshold

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32
Q

acuity is ___ by lateral inhibition

A

increased

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33
Q

what is lateral inhibition>

A

each sensory neutron can activate local inhibitory interneuron that inhibit nearby sensory neurons

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34
Q

receptive fields of adjacent sensory neurons of the same modality often __

A

overlap

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35
Q

when receptive fields overlap, a stimulus can activate both sensory neurons, but _

A

one more strongly than the other

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36
Q

where is the most effective location in a receptive field to apply stimulus?

A

center

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37
Q

stimulus intensity is encoded by what 2 things?

A
  1. frequency of ap

2. # of sensory neurons activated

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38
Q

encoding stimulus intensity by frequency is called __

A

frequency coding

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39
Q

how can a weak stimulus manage to cause activation?

A

by landing in the middle of the receptive field

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40
Q

is it easier to find the site of stimulus for a week or string stimulus? why?

A

weak; because only sensory neutron that was directly applied will activate, weaker requires higher acuity because it can only activate one sensory neutron

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41
Q

what is the concept of adaption?

A

sensory receptors decrease sensitivity to stimulus of constant strength

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42
Q

in adaption, the frequency of ___ decreases

A

action potentials

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43
Q

sensory receptors can be either __ or __ adapting

A

slow/rapidly

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44
Q

rapidly adapting receptors are also called __

A

phasic receptors

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45
Q

slowly adapting receptors are also called _

A

tonic receptors

46
Q

phasic receptors sgnal __

A

changes in stimulus intensity, either just onset or onset/offset

47
Q

tonic receptors signal __

A

continued pressence of stimulus

48
Q

in polyneuronal pathways, sensory neurons synapse onto __ neurons in the __ or __

A

second order ; brainstem and spinal cord

49
Q

most sensory pathways ___

A

decussate (cross midline of the body)

50
Q

stimulus on the right side of the body is processed in the __ side of the brain

A

left

51
Q

what is converence>

A

higher order neutron receives inputs from multiple lower order neurons

52
Q

what is divergence>

A

lower order neutron gives info to multiple higher order neurons

53
Q

convergence and divergence allow for sensory ___

A

processing

54
Q

what are labeled lines>

A

pathways dedicated to a specific stimulus modality

55
Q

labelled lines carry ___ information to the ___ via the___

A

perceptive; cerebral cortex, thalamus

56
Q

multimodal pathways oft have targets in the __ and often carry information on __, __ and _

A

subcortical area; pain, itch, temperature

57
Q

neurons in the primary sensory cortex project into ___ areas for multimodal processing

A

associational cortical areas

58
Q

in multimodal processing dome of the information targets subcortical areas that are responsible for __, __ and __

A

reflexes, arousal, and attention

59
Q

what are the 6 types of somatosensory receptors on the body surface?

A
  1. meissner’s corpuscles
  2. hair plexus
  3. merkel’s disks
  4. Ruffini’s corpuscles
  5. pacinian corpuscles
  6. free nerve endings
60
Q

what is the modality of mess. corpuscles?

A

tough and dynamic pressure

61
Q

where are mess corpuscles located?

A

glabrous skin (without hair)

62
Q

what is the threshold for activation of mess corpuscles?

A

low

63
Q

what is the modality of hair plexus?

A

touch dynamic pressure,

64
Q

where are hair plexus located.

A

associated with hair follicles

65
Q

what is the threshold for hair plexus?

A

low

66
Q

what is the adaption type for mess corpuscles?

A

rapid

67
Q

mess corpuscles are encapsulated by __ and located where in the skin

A

collagenous matrix; upper layer of the debris

68
Q

how to hair plexi associate with hair follicles?

A

wrapping around them

69
Q

ruffinis corpuscles are often located above __

A

joints

70
Q

mechanoreceptors contain mechanically gated ion channels that mostly conduct __ and __ions

A

ca and na

71
Q

deformation of ___ causes ion channel oping in mechanioreceprors

A

plasma membrane

72
Q

how does encapsulation connective tissue influence adaption>

A

capsule elastically rebounds despite sustained stimulus, closing ion channels

73
Q

thermoreceptors are what receptor type?

A

free nerve ending

74
Q

thermoreceptors respond to temperature between __ and __

A

10 and 45

75
Q

thermoreceptors contain __ channels that allow influx of ca and na

A

transient receptor potential

76
Q

cold receptors can also be activated by what chemical compounds>

A

menthol

77
Q

heat receptors can also be activated by what chemical compund>

A

camphor

78
Q

what are the 3 types of nocireceptors?

A
  1. mechanical
  2. temp
  3. polymodal
79
Q

mechanical nocireceptor respond to

A

intense mechanical stimuli

80
Q

thermal nocireceptors respond to __

A

temperature outside of 0-45 range

81
Q

polymodal nocireceptors respond to _

A

intense mechanical and thermal stimuli, as well as chemicals released in tissues, such as histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin and H+

82
Q

mechanical and thermal nocireceptors are __ conducting via ___ fibres

A

fast; myelinated A sigma

83
Q

polymodal nocireceptors are ___ conducting via __ fibres

A

slow; unmyelinated C

84
Q

what is capsaicin?

A

chemical in chilli peppers that activates thermal nocireceptors

85
Q

what causes referred pain?

A

projections of nocireceptors in skin and skeletal muscles and internal organs often converge onto the same second order neurons, causing somatic and visceral pain to be indistinguishable

86
Q

give an example of referred pain

A

a myocardial infarction is felt as pain in left arm

87
Q

what is hyperalgesia?

A

increased sensitivity of nocireceptors to pain

88
Q

what causes hyperalgesia?

A

inflammation caused by the immune system

89
Q

hyperalgesia is usually due to ___ sensitization

A

peripheral

90
Q

what types of drugs can act as analgesics by preventing sensitization of nocireceptors?

A

anti-inflammatory, such as COX inhibitors

91
Q

what is allodynia?

A

after an injury, perception of mechanical stimuli as painful

92
Q

allodynia is due to __ sensitization

A

central

93
Q

the central sensitization of allodynia is caused by

A

increased excitability of second-order neurons in the spinal cord

94
Q

what is the endogenous analgesic system?

A

activation of certain brain centres (periductl grey, raphe Magnus) leading to suppression of pain

95
Q

how does the endogenous analgesic system work?

A

descending pathways (midbrain to local inhibitory interneurons) suppress synaptic transmission from nocireceptors

96
Q

what does the endogenous analgesic system release ?

A

opioids

97
Q

opioid receptors are expressed on __ and __

A

nocireceptors and second-order nocioreceptive neurons

98
Q

what is the premise of gate control of pain?

A

mechanical / temperature stimuli applied to a body area experiencing nocireceptive stimulus can reduce pain sensations

99
Q

what is the proposed mechanism of gate control of pain?

A

mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors activate local inhibitory interneurons that prevents release of NT (glutamate) that would cause pain sensation

100
Q

the dorsal column pathway is a ___ pathway type

A

labelled line

101
Q

the dorsal column pathway is also called the __

A

medial lemniscus

102
Q

the dorsal column pathway conveys information of __, __, __ and ___

A

touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

103
Q

what is proprioception?

A

sensory information from muscles, tendons and joints

104
Q

describe the steps of the dorsal column pathways

A

primary sensory neuron to second order sensory neutron in brainstem to third order in thalamus to neurons in the primary sensory cortex

105
Q

the dorsal column pathway decussates at the level of the __

A

brain stem (medulla)

106
Q

the anterolateral pathway is also called the ___

A

spinothalamic pathway

107
Q

the anterolateral pathway conveys information of ___, __ and __

A

temperature, pain, itch

108
Q

describe the steps of the anterlateral pathway

A

primary sensory neuron to second order spinal cord neutron to third order thalamus neuron to primary sensory cortex

109
Q

the anterolateral pathway decussates at the level of the

A

spinal cord

110
Q

describe divergence in the anterolateral pathway

A

second order neutron also synapses onto neurons in the reticular formation(brain stem)

111
Q

what is the impact of divergence in the anterolateral pathway?

A

alertness and arousal

112
Q

t/f the anterolateral and dorsal pathways use the same thalamic neurons

A

fasle

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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