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Physiology for Pharmacy > Endocrine: Thyroid and Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine: Thyroid and Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

the ___ is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body

A

thyroid

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2
Q

describe the structure of the thyroid gland

A

2 lateral lobes connected by a narrow region

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3
Q

the main hormones produced by the thyroid gland are ___ and ___

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

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4
Q

T3 and T4 affect almost every ___ in the body and regulates ___

A

cell; metabolic activate y

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5
Q

the thyroid gland secretes ___ which in important to calcium metabolism regulation

A

calcitonin

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6
Q

the production and secretion of hormones from the thyroid is tightly regulated by the ___ and ___

A

hypothalamus and pituitary

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7
Q

the thyroid is organized into structures called ___

A

follicles

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8
Q

each thyroid follicle is made of a monolayer of ___ and is filled with ___

A

epithelia cells; thick sticky colloid

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9
Q

what is the sticky substance within the thyroid follicle?

A

thyroglobulin

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10
Q

the monolayer of epithelial cells is essential to __

A

making of thyroid hormones

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11
Q

C cells or parafollicular cell of the thyroid are involved in the production of ___

A

calcitonin

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12
Q

there are ___ cells that line the cwppilalries that provide blood supply to follicles

A

endothelial

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13
Q

t/f the thyroid is essential for the normal maturation of nervous system

A

t

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14
Q

t/f the thyroid is essential to the normal growth (required for the GH synthesis and action)

A

t

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15
Q

t/f the thyroid maintains normal alertness and reflexes

A

t

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16
Q

t/f the thyroid determines the basal metabolic rate

A

t

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17
Q

to regulate basal metabolic rate, the thyroid gland can increase what 3 things?

A
  1. ATPase activity
  2. rate of ATP consumption
  3. fuel consumption to replace ATP
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18
Q

t/f the thyroid facilitates the sympathetic activity (permissive effects)

A

t

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19
Q

driven by ___, the follicles secrete thyroid hormones and increase their biosynthetic activities, up regulating the expression of the ____ transporter and the production of ___ (both essential to making T3 and T4)

A

TSH; I/Na, thyroglobulin

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20
Q

TSH binds to ___ receptors to activate 2 pathways (___ and ___) which in turn activates the ___ of genes involved in TH production including ___, ___ ad ___

A

adenyl cyclase and phospholipase C; transcription; Na/I symporter, thyrogobilun , and thyroid peroxidase

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21
Q

outline the steps of TH production

A
  1. follicles makes enzymes and thyroglobulin
  2. I is transported into colloid by N/I symporter
  3. enzymes add I to thyroglobulin to make T3 and T4
  4. thyroglobulin is taken back into the cell
  5. intracellular enzymes separate T3 and T4 from protein
  6. free T3 and T4 enter circulation
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22
Q

what enzyme helps add the iodine to the T3 and T4?

A

thyroid peroxidase

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23
Q

T3, T4 and Tg are taken up into thyroid cells by the process of ___

A

pinocytosis

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24
Q

how is Tg separated from T3 and T4?

A

lysosomes

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25
Q

thyroglobulin is a ___ protein used for the making of __and has 140___

A

large; TH; tyrosine

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26
Q

mon or di-iodinated ___ are coupled to each other to form T3 and T4, still attached to the ___ protein

A

tyrosine; thyroglobulin

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27
Q

incorporation of iodine at the indicated ___ is essential for TH function

A

positions

28
Q

once released in the blood TH binds to the ___

A

thyroxin-binding globulin (90%)

29
Q

what are the 3 transport proteins that carry TH?

A
  1. thyroxin-binding globuli
  2. transthyretin
  3. serum albumin
30
Q

what is the function of TH carriers in the blood?

A

help TH reach target

31
Q

once TH reaches the target cell and enters the cytoplasm, most T4 is converted to T3 by ___

A

5’/3’ monodeiodinase

32
Q

T3 binding to TH receptor activates ___ and induce the ___ of many genes

A

thyroid response elements; transcription

33
Q

90% of TH bound to receptor is T_

A

3

34
Q

when TSH is low, there is a net __ of colloid and follicles are relatively ___ and __

A

accumulation; small and inactive

35
Q

when TSH is high, the follicle cells become __ and __ shaped and there is a net ___ of colloid due to __. The blood flow to the follicle is ___

A

large and columnar; decrease; pinocytosis; increased

36
Q

___ is the leading cause of hypothyroidism in the world

A

dietary iodine deficiency

37
Q

what causes a loiter?

A

iodine deficiency and build of of TSh that stimulates growth in the region

38
Q

hyperthyroidism can be due to __

A

Graves disease

39
Q

in hypothyroidism due to low iodine there is ____ negative feedback and in hyperthyroidism due to Graves, there is ___ negative feedback

A

no; strong

40
Q

hypothyroidism can be treated using __

A

T3/T4 replacements such as synthroid (T4) and cytomel (T3)

41
Q

is synthroid (T4) or cytomel (T3) safer?

A

synthroid

42
Q

what are 2 ways hyperthyroidism can be treated?

A
  1. prevent hormone making by inhibits peroxidase so iodine can’t be added
  2. block iodotyrosine coupling
43
Q

the adrenal glands are ___shaped and made of an inner layer (___) and outer layer (___)

A

triangle; medulla; cortex

44
Q

the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex contains ___ cells that secrete___ and the 2 inner layers (___ and ___) secrete __ and __

A

glomerulosa; aldosterone; fasciculata and reticularis ; cortisol and sex steroid s

45
Q

the adrenal medulla contains ___ cells that secrete a variety of peptides such as ___ and a small amount of ___

A

chromatin; E and NE

46
Q

the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal cortes secretes

A

mineralcorticoids

47
Q

the zone fasciculata of the cortex secretes __

A

glucocorticoids

48
Q

the sone reticularis secretes ___

A

androgens

49
Q

the particular steroid secreted by different cell layers of the adrenal gland is determined by the expression of different ___ in different cell types

A

steroid metabolizing enzymes

50
Q

there are no genes encoding steroid hormones, just genes encoding enzymes that metabolize __ and its derivatives

A

cholesterol

51
Q

all of the hormones made by the adrenal cortex are derived form __

A

cholesterol

52
Q

the adrenal cortex is controlled by an endocrine axis that provides a ___ response, allowing for both __ and __ hormonal adjustment

A

multilayered; gross and fine

53
Q

the zone F and R are controlled by the __ and the zone G is controlled by __

A

endocrine axis; angiotensin 2

54
Q

what are the major functions of the adrenal gland?

A
  1. mobilizing and increasing AA in blood and liver
  2. stimulating liver to convert AA to glucose (fuel for energy production)
  3. stimulating glycogen production in liver
  4. mobilizing and increasing FA in blood for energy
  5. counteracting inflammation and allergies
  6. preventing Na loss in urine to maintain BP
  7. maintaining resistance to stress
  8. maintaining mood
55
Q

___ is the key regulator for metabolism and resistance to stress

A

cortisol

56
Q

secretion of cortisol is controlled via a ___

A

typical negative feedback system

57
Q

cortisol plays a central role in many parts of cell physiology, including ___, ___, __, __ and __

A

anti-inflammatory, protein breakdown, glucose formation, lipid breakdown , release of FA

58
Q

does cortisol increase or decrease immune function?

A

decrease

59
Q

cortisol has a ___ effect on the actions of other hormones, such as ___ and ___ on the mobilization of enegy stores

A

permissive; E and glucagon

60
Q

bushings syndrome refers to

A

the collection of symptoms of abnormally high glucocortical levels

61
Q

bushings disease refers to

A

the elevated cortisol due to excess ACTH due to pituitary tumor

62
Q

what are 3 endogenous causes of bushings syndrome?

A

pituitary tumor, adrenal tumour, other

63
Q

what is a exogenous cause of bushings syndrome?

A

taking medication with glucocorticoids, such as hydrocortisone

64
Q

what is the most popular cause of bushings syndrome?

A

pituitary tumour (cushings disease

65
Q

Addison’s syndrome refers to the collection of symptoms resulting from abnormally low ___ levels

A

low glucocorticoids

66
Q

Addison’s disease can cause ___ of the hand

A

accentuate of normal pignetation

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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