Endocrine: Thyroid and Adrenal Glands

Question 1

the ___ is one of the largest endocrine glands in the human body

Answer 1

thyroid

Question 2

describe the structure of the thyroid gland

Answer 2

2 lateral lobes connected by a narrow region

Question 3

the main hormones produced by the thyroid gland are ___ and ___

Answer 3

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

Question 4

T3 and T4 affect almost every ___ in the body and regulates ___

Answer 4

cell; metabolic activate y

Question 5

the thyroid gland secretes ___ which in important to calcium metabolism regulation

Answer 5

calcitonin

Question 6

the production and secretion of hormones from the thyroid is tightly regulated by the ___ and ___

Answer 6

hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 7

the thyroid is organized into structures called ___

Answer 7

follicles

Question 8

each thyroid follicle is made of a monolayer of ___ and is filled with ___

Answer 8

epithelia cells; thick sticky colloid

Question 9

what is the sticky substance within the thyroid follicle?

Answer 9

thyroglobulin

Question 10

the monolayer of epithelial cells is essential to __

Answer 10

making of thyroid hormones

Question 11

C cells or parafollicular cell of the thyroid are involved in the production of ___

Answer 11

calcitonin

Question 12

there are ___ cells that line the cwppilalries that provide blood supply to follicles

Answer 12

endothelial

Question 13

t/f the thyroid is essential for the normal maturation of nervous system

Answer 13

t

Question 14

t/f the thyroid is essential to the normal growth (required for the GH synthesis and action)

Answer 14

t

Question 15

t/f the thyroid maintains normal alertness and reflexes

Answer 15

t

Question 16

t/f the thyroid determines the basal metabolic rate

Answer 16

t

Question 17

to regulate basal metabolic rate, the thyroid gland can increase what 3 things?

Answer 17

1. ATPase activity
2. rate of ATP consumption
3. fuel consumption to replace ATP

Question 18

t/f the thyroid facilitates the sympathetic activity (permissive effects)

Answer 18

t

Question 19

driven by ___, the follicles secrete thyroid hormones and increase their biosynthetic activities, up regulating the expression of the ____ transporter and the production of ___ (both essential to making T3 and T4)

Answer 19

TSH; I/Na, thyroglobulin

Question 20

TSH binds to ___ receptors to activate 2 pathways (___ and ___) which in turn activates the ___ of genes involved in TH production including ___, ___ ad ___

Answer 20

adenyl cyclase and phospholipase C; transcription; Na/I symporter, thyrogobilun , and thyroid peroxidase

Question 21

outline the steps of TH production

Answer 21

1. follicles makes enzymes and thyroglobulin
2. I is transported into colloid by N/I symporter
3. enzymes add I to thyroglobulin to make T3 and T4
4. thyroglobulin is taken back into the cell
5. intracellular enzymes separate T3 and T4 from protein
6. free T3 and T4 enter circulation

Question 22

what enzyme helps add the iodine to the T3 and T4?

Answer 22

thyroid peroxidase

Question 23

T3, T4 and Tg are taken up into thyroid cells by the process of ___

Answer 23

pinocytosis

Question 24

how is Tg separated from T3 and T4?

Answer 24

lysosomes

Question 25

thyroglobulin is a ___ protein used for the making of __and has 140___

Answer 25

large; TH; tyrosine

Question 26

mon or di-iodinated ___ are coupled to each other to form T3 and T4, still attached to the ___ protein

Answer 26

tyrosine; thyroglobulin

Question 27

incorporation of iodine at the indicated ___ is essential for TH function

Answer 27

positions

Question 28

once released in the blood TH binds to the ___

Answer 28

thyroxin-binding globulin (90%)

Question 29

what are the 3 transport proteins that carry TH?

Answer 29

1. thyroxin-binding globuli 2. transthyretin 3. serum albumin

Question 30

what is the function of TH carriers in the blood?

Answer 30

help TH reach target

Question 31

once TH reaches the target cell and enters the cytoplasm, most T4 is converted to T3 by ___

Answer 31

5'/3' monodeiodinase

Question 32

T3 binding to TH receptor activates ___ and induce the ___ of many genes

Answer 32

thyroid response elements; transcription

Question 33

90% of TH bound to receptor is T_

Answer 33

3

Question 34

when TSH is low, there is a net __ of colloid and follicles are relatively ___ and __

Answer 34

accumulation; small and inactive

Question 35

when TSH is high, the follicle cells become __ and __ shaped and there is a net ___ of colloid due to __. The blood flow to the follicle is ___

Answer 35

large and columnar; decrease; pinocytosis; increased

Question 36

___ is the leading cause of hypothyroidism in the world

Answer 36

dietary iodine deficiency

Question 37

what causes a loiter?

Answer 37

iodine deficiency and build of of TSh that stimulates growth in the region

Question 38

hyperthyroidism can be due to __

Answer 38

Graves disease

Question 39

in hypothyroidism due to low iodine there is ____ negative feedback and in hyperthyroidism due to Graves, there is ___ negative feedback

Answer 39

no; strong

Question 40

hypothyroidism can be treated using __

Answer 40

T3/T4 replacements such as synthroid (T4) and cytomel (T3)

Question 41

is synthroid (T4) or cytomel (T3) safer?

Answer 41

synthroid

Question 42

what are 2 ways hyperthyroidism can be treated?

Answer 42

1. prevent hormone making by inhibits peroxidase so iodine can't be added 2. block iodotyrosine coupling

Question 43

the adrenal glands are ___shaped and made of an inner layer (___) and outer layer (___)

Answer 43

triangle; medulla; cortex

Question 44

the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex contains ___ cells that secrete___ and the 2 inner layers (___ and ___) secrete __ and __

Answer 44

glomerulosa; aldosterone; fasciculata and reticularis ; cortisol and sex steroid s

Question 45

the adrenal medulla contains ___ cells that secrete a variety of peptides such as ___ and a small amount of ___

Answer 45

chromatin; E and NE

Question 46

the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal cortes secretes

Answer 46

mineralcorticoids

Question 47

the zone fasciculata of the cortex secretes __

Answer 47

glucocorticoids

Question 48

the sone reticularis secretes ___

Answer 48

androgens

Question 49

the particular steroid secreted by different cell layers of the adrenal gland is determined by the expression of different ___ in different cell types

Answer 49

steroid metabolizing enzymes

Question 50

there are no genes encoding steroid hormones, just genes encoding enzymes that metabolize __ and its derivatives

Answer 50

cholesterol

Question 51

all of the hormones made by the adrenal cortex are derived form __

Answer 51

cholesterol

Question 52

the adrenal cortex is controlled by an endocrine axis that provides a ___ response, allowing for both __ and __ hormonal adjustment

Answer 52

multilayered; gross and fine

Question 53

the zone F and R are controlled by the __ and the zone G is controlled by __

Answer 53

endocrine axis; angiotensin 2

Question 54

what are the major functions of the adrenal gland?

Answer 54

1. mobilizing and increasing AA in blood and liver 2. stimulating liver to convert AA to glucose (fuel for energy production) 3. stimulating glycogen production in liver 4. mobilizing and increasing FA in blood for energy 5. counteracting inflammation and allergies 6. preventing Na loss in urine to maintain BP 7. maintaining resistance to stress 8. maintaining mood

Question 55

___ is the key regulator for metabolism and resistance to stress

Answer 55

cortisol

Question 56

secretion of cortisol is controlled via a ___

Answer 56

typical negative feedback system

Question 57

cortisol plays a central role in many parts of cell physiology, including ___, ___, __, __ and __

Answer 57

anti-inflammatory, protein breakdown, glucose formation, lipid breakdown , release of FA

Question 58

does cortisol increase or decrease immune function?

Answer 58

decrease

Question 59

cortisol has a ___ effect on the actions of other hormones, such as ___ and ___ on the mobilization of enegy stores

Answer 59

permissive; E and glucagon

Question 60

bushings syndrome refers to

Answer 60

the collection of symptoms of abnormally high glucocortical levels

Question 61

bushings disease refers to

Answer 61

the elevated cortisol due to excess ACTH due to pituitary tumor

Question 62

what are 3 endogenous causes of bushings syndrome?

Answer 62

pituitary tumor, adrenal tumour, other

Question 63

what is a exogenous cause of bushings syndrome?

Answer 63

taking medication with glucocorticoids, such as hydrocortisone

Question 64

what is the most popular cause of bushings syndrome?

Answer 64

pituitary tumour (cushings disease

Question 65

Addison's syndrome refers to the collection of symptoms resulting from abnormally low ___ levels

Answer 65

low glucocorticoids

Question 66

Addison's disease can cause ___ of the hand

Answer 66

accentuate of normal pignetation