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Physiology for Pharmacy > Control of Body Movement > Flashcards

Control of Body Movement Flashcards

1
Q

the control of body movement exists as a motor control __

A

hierarchy

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2
Q

the lower level of motor control involves the coordination of tension of ___ and ____ muscle groups

A

synergistic and antagonistic

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3
Q

low level motor control can execute ___

A

simple motor subprograms

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4
Q

low level motor control can correct muscle action according to ___

A

proprioceptor input

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5
Q

give some examples of simple movements that low level motor control can control

A

straighten legs, turn head

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6
Q

sensory receptors can synapse onto what 2 types of neurons to elicit a motor response?

A

local circuit neurons in brainstem and spinal cord (that then synapse on motor neurons), or directly to motor neurone in the brain / spinal cord

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7
Q

upper level motor control is responsible for coordination of __

A

sequences of skilled movements

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8
Q

upper level motor control is responsible for the integration of ____ input

A

polymodal afferent

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9
Q

upper level motor control is responsible for the correction of ___ according to ___ input

A

complex motor programs; polymodal

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10
Q

upper level motor control is associated with the __ of complex movements

A

learning

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11
Q

what brain elements are involved in upper level motor control?

A

cerebral cortex motor areas, basal nucleus, thalamus, cerebellum, motor centres in brain stem

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12
Q

much of the input from muscle/tendons/skin synapses onto ____

A

local inhibitory interneurons

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13
Q

a select class of proprioceptions (muscle spindles) can synapse directly onto ___ and directly __ neurons

A

motor neurons ; depolarize

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14
Q

input from brain motor centers comes from ___ pathways that mostly synapse on ___ interneurons

A

descending; local inhibitory or excitatory

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15
Q

local interneurons must integrate info from____ and ___ and modualte __

A

central sources and from the periphery; function of motor neurons

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16
Q

what class of neurons makes up 90% of all neurons?

A

interneurons

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17
Q

what are local interneurons?

A

interneurons that are close to the motor neurons they synapse onto

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18
Q

interneurons projecting to distant targets cross the __ and control __ movements

A

midline; complex

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19
Q

input to motor and local interneurons comes via ___ pathways

A

descending

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20
Q

somatosensory information from the periphery is sensed by what 2 receptor types? where are each found?

A
  1. proprioceptors in muscles, tendon, and joint

2. somatosensory receptors, especially nociceptor

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21
Q

input to motor neurons can come from ___ or ___

A

somatosensory in periphery or other spinal cord interneurons

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22
Q

___ neurons are at the heart of local circuits in the spinal cord

A

somatic

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23
Q

somatic neurons provide only output to ___ and constitute ___% of all neurons in the spinal cord

A

muscle fibers; 10

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24
Q

t/f interneurons are very diverse in function/connectivity

A

true

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25
Q

what are local pattern generators?

A

interneurons that initiate repetitive movements as required for walking, swimming etc

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26
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc can synapse to ___ or ___

A

motor neuron of same muscle ; motor neurone pools of synergistic muscles

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27
Q

primary sensory neurons of muscle spindles are directly connected to ____ neurons in the __ that activate __

A

motor; spinal cord; the same muscles

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28
Q

if muscle spindles get activated, they will excite __ and lead to creation of __

A

motor neutrons; action potential

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29
Q

what are the 2 types of motor neurons that primary sensory neurons can activate?

A

alpha and gamma

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30
Q

what is the function of alpha motor neurons when activated by primary sensory neurons?

A

excite extrafusal muscles, leading to their contraction

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31
Q

what is the function of the gamma motor units when activated by primary sensory neurons?

A

excite intrafusal muscles, leading to their contraction

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32
Q

what is the function of muscle spindles?

A

provide positive feedback for motor neurons of muscles, adjusting the muscle force to the changed load

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33
Q

primary sensory neurons synapse onto synergistic muscles to ___ and also onto local inhibitory interneurons of antagonistic muscle to ___

A

aide in movement of the main muscle group; suppress action of antagonist to improve movement of main muscles group

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34
Q

what is the required connection to the somatosenosyr cortex that makes it possible to detect changes in load?

A

axon collaterals of muscle spindle receptors ascending in the dorsal column pathway

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35
Q

muscle spindles are what type of receptor?

A

proprioceptors

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36
Q

structure of muscle spindles

A

nerve endings of primary sensory neuron surrounded by connective tissue capsule and extrafusal muscle

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37
Q

muscle spindles can be found wrapped round ___

A

intrafusal fibers

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38
Q

muscle fibers are activated by __

A

passive stretch of muscle

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39
Q

t/f muscle spindle reflexes are easy to elicit and interpret and are clinically important

A

true

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40
Q

give an example of a muscle spindle reflex test and what it is clinically used fr

A

patellar reflex; helps determine damage to local motor circuit or reflex pathway

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41
Q

when Golgi tendon organs are activated, they provide ___ feedback on motor neurons of the same muscle and ___ contraction. This ic called ___

A

negative; inhibit ; feedback inhibition

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42
Q

Golgi tendon organs provide excitatory input to neurons innervating the ___ muscles in a process called

A

antagonistic ; reciprocal stimulation

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43
Q

what causes flexor muscles of shake when over-exerted?

A

alternating of increases and decrease in motor neurone activity

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44
Q

activation of ___ in the skin of limbs activates the withdrawal reflex

A

nociceptors

45
Q

there is a __ reflex in the affected limb of a withdrawal reflex

A

flexor

46
Q

in the withdrawal reflex there is excitatory input to motor neurons of the ___ flexor muscle

A

ipsilateral flexor muscle

47
Q

in the withdrawal reflex, there is inhibitory input to motor neurons of the ___ extensor muscle

A

ipsilateral

48
Q

what is the crossed extensor reflex?

A

the contraction of the contralateral extensor to allow for withdraw reflex on contralateral side

49
Q

in the crossed extensor reflex, inhibitory input to motor neurons of the ___ muscle

A

contralateral flexor

50
Q

in the crossed extensor reflex, there is excitatory input to motor neurons of the ___ muscle

A

contralateral extensor

51
Q

during a withdrawal reflex, the nociceptor sends collateral axons up to the brain via the ___ pathway with the purpose __

A

anterolateral; alerting the brain that there was an incident

52
Q

list 4 symptoms of damage to local motor circuits

A
  1. weakness or loss of movement of affected muscles
  2. loss of muscle tone (hypotonia)
  3. loss of reflexes (areflexia)
  4. muscle atrophy from disuse
53
Q

what is the name for muscle weakness?

A

paresis

54
Q

the primary motor cortex is major control region for ___

A

execution of voluntary movements

55
Q

evidence to support the primary motor cortex being the major control region for voluntary movements

A

electrical stimulation at certain points results in contraction of different muscles on opposite side

56
Q

the primary motor cortex is organized in what way?

A

topologically

57
Q

parts of the body used for fine motor control are ____ represented. why is this?

A

positively disproportionately; there are more neurons there

58
Q

the anterior premotor cortex is responsible for the _____ of movements

A

initiation

59
Q

the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortexes are functionally very __ by ___

A

coupled; projection

60
Q

t/f the neurons of the premotor cortex are often activated long before movement occurs

A

true

61
Q

the premotor cortex is responsible for a selection of ___ movements, ___ and storage of ___

A

coordinated; learning; motor plans

62
Q

the pyramidal system is a ___ motor pathway that is important to all __ movement

A

descending; voluntary

63
Q

the pyramidal system is made of ___ pathways from neurons in motor cortex to motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem

A

direct

64
Q

what is the most important tract of the pyramidal system?

A

corticospinal tract

65
Q

the corticospinal tract carries info from the ___ to ___ in the ___ that control muscles of ___ and __

A

motor cortex ; local motor circuits; spinal cord; limbs and trunk

66
Q

most of the fibers of corticospinal tract decussate at the ___

A

medulla

67
Q

left motor cortex controls the __ side of the body

A

right

68
Q

what is the second part of the pyramidal system? what does it control?

A

corticobulba controls the muscles of the head and neck

69
Q

the pyramidal system forms a visible tract at the height of the ___ in the anterior part that is shaped like an inverted pyramid

A

medulla in the brainstem

70
Q

the neurons in the motor cortex that project into the SC / brainstem are layer ___ motor neurons, often called ___to distinguish them from ___ in the SC

A

5; upper motor neurons; lower motor neurons

71
Q

most of the neurons of the pyramidal system project to interneurons in the ___ and ___ where their info is integrated with __ info and control lower motor neurons

A

brain motor enters; SC; peripheral

72
Q

t/f complex moments requires the use of both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems

A

true

73
Q

the extrapyramidal system is part of the __ motor pathways

A

descending

74
Q

the extrapyramidal system is responsible for ___ movements

A

involuntary

75
Q

the extrapyramidal system consists of __ pathways form the motor cortex to the spinal cord neurons controlling the trunk and proximal limb muscles via ___

A

indirect; motor control enters in the brain stem

76
Q

what 4 brain components are involved in the extrapyramidal system?

A
  1. vestibular nuclei
  2. reticular formation
  3. superior colliculus
  4. red nucleus
77
Q

the vestibular tract controls __ and __

A

postural reflexes and maintain balanced position

78
Q

the reticular formation controls __

A

muscle tone

79
Q

the superior colliculus controls __

A

head ad neck movement towards stimulus

80
Q

the red nucleus controls

A

movement of upper extremities in parallel to corticospinal tract

81
Q

example of a trauma that might cause upper motor disorder

A

stroke in motor cortex or trauma to upper spinal cord

82
Q

upper motor neuron disorders are caused by __

A

damage to motor cortex or corticospinal tract

83
Q

what is lower motor neurone syndrome?

A

damage to local motor units in the spinal cord

84
Q

what are 3 symptoms of upper motor neurone syndrome?

A
  1. weakness (paresis) of affected muscle
  2. loss of fine movements
  3. spasticity (increased resistance to passive movements
85
Q

what are there examples of spasticity is upper motor neurone syndrome?

A
  1. increased muscle tone (hypertonia)
  2. hyperactive stretch reflexes
  3. clonus
86
Q

what is clonus?

A

oscillatory contractions and relaxations in response to muscle stretch

87
Q

what is the hallmark of upper motor neurone syndrome?

A

clonus

88
Q

Parkinson’s disease is caused by dysfunction of the

A

basla nuclei

89
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a ___ disease

A

sporadic neurodegenerative

90
Q

what causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra, leading to decreased corpus striatum activity and higher inhibition of motor cortex

91
Q

list the symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

hypokineasia (diminished movements), bradykinesia (slowness), resting tremor and rigidity

92
Q

what is given as treatment for Parkinson’s? How does it work?

A

L-DOPA (Levdopa); transformed onto L-dopamine in the brain

93
Q

the basal nuclei is a group of structures in the ___

A

fore/mid brain

94
Q

what structures make up the basal nuclei? (4)

A

striatum, globus pallidus, subthalmic nucleus, substantia nigra

95
Q

what is the role of the globes pallid us?

A

tonically inhibits initiation of movements

96
Q

inhibition of movement causes by the globes pallid us can be received by actiavtion of the __ by the cortex

A

striatum

97
Q

activation of the striatum inhibits the __, which de-represses the __

A

globus pallidus; motor cortex

98
Q

activation of the striatum id facilitated by ___ input from the ___

A

dopaminergic; substantiated nigra

99
Q

the basal nuclei acts as a __ on all voluntary movements

A

brake

100
Q

t/f the basal nuclei must be relieved in order for movement to be initieated

A

true

101
Q

neurons in the globus pallidus are __, persistently __ and project to motor nuclei in the __ and persistently ___ thalamic neurons which project into the motor cortex

A

inhibitory; active; thalamus; inhibit

102
Q

huntintons disease is a __ disease

A

inherited neurodegenerative

103
Q

what causes huntigtons disease?

A

atrophy of basal ganglia; diminished inhibition of motor cortex resulting in involuntary movements

104
Q

what are the symptoms of huntington?

A

jerking movements (dyskinesia), mood change and personality, dementia

105
Q

what is the treatment for huntigtons? How does it work?

A

dopamine antagonists; work by reducing striatal function, this making inhibition a little stronger

106
Q

what are the 4 functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. receive input from motor cortex on intended movement
  2. receives sensory input on actual movement
  3. detects differences or motor error between intended band actual
  4. corrects errors in real time
107
Q

how does the cerebellum fix motor errors in real time?

A

through brainstem motor centres and sends information to cortical motor areas for future reference (motor learning)

108
Q

list symptoms of cerebellar disease (4)

A
  1. ataxia
  2. intention tremor
  3. unstable posture
  4. difficulty learning new motor skills
109
Q

what is ataxia?

A

jerky, imprecise movements, such as awkward gait

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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