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Physiology for Pharmacy > Respiratory Lecture 1: Structure & Function > Flashcards

Respiratory Lecture 1: Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

the main function of the respiratory system is to ___

A

supply tissues with O2 and get rid of CO2 from cell respiration

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2
Q

cellular respiration

A

the utilization of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules

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3
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and the blood

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4
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of O2 and Co2 between bloodstream and tissues / cells

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5
Q

most of the energy generated by our tissues is the result of ____ of food substrates

A

oxidation

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6
Q

the by-product of oxidative metabolism is __

A

cO2

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7
Q

accumulation of CO2 would result in ___ of bodily fluid

A

acidification

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8
Q

what are the 7 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. provide oxygen
  2. eliminate Co2
  3. acid-base regulation (with the kidneys)
  4. phonation (speech sounds)
  5. host defence
  6. alterations in arterial chemical messengers, either by removal or inactivation or by activating / producing
  7. trap and dissolve blood clots
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9
Q

what is one activation of arterial chemical messenger caused by the respiratory system? How is it done?

A

conversion of AT 1 to AT 2 (vasoconstrictor). Done by activity in the pulmonary angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in pulmonary capillaries

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10
Q

describe the structure of the pharynx

A

hollow muscular tube, about 12 cm long

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11
Q

location of pharynx and what it joins to

A

behind nose and mouth, joins the larynx

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12
Q

the trachea is surrounded by what type of rings? what is their purpose?

A

c-shaped cartilage rings; help prevent collapse of airway sand allow for easy, low resistance air movement

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13
Q

the larynx is also called the

A

voice box

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14
Q

the larynx spits into what two tubes?

A

trachea and the esophagus

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15
Q

what is the epiglottis and its purpose?

A

skin flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration of food/water etc

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16
Q

there are ~___ divisions of the airways after the trachea

A

23

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17
Q

what is included in the upper airway?

A

everything above the trachea

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18
Q

what is included in the lower airway?

A

the trachea and everything below it

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19
Q

what is the most important muscle involved in inspiration?

A

diaphragm

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20
Q

every time an airway divides, a ___ divides with it

A

blood vessel

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21
Q

in order for good respiration, what 2 components must be well-matched?

A
  1. good blood supply

2. ventilation

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22
Q

a dense network of pulmonary capillaries around alveoli is vitally important to ___

A

difusion of O2 and Co2

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23
Q

the ___ is the final part of the conducting zone

A

terminal bronchiole

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24
Q

what structures are located at the end of the airway/

A

alveoli

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25
Q

___ are the site of gas exchange

A

alveoli

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26
Q

t/f there are no alveoli in the conducting zone

A

true

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27
Q

what is an alveolar sac?

A

collection of many alveoli

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28
Q

___ are tiny hollow sacs with open ends to the lumen of the airways

A

alveoli

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29
Q

most of the air-facing surfaces go an alveoli are lined by a continuous one-cell thick layer of ____- cells that are deemed type ___ alveolar cells

A

flat (squamous) epithelial cells; type 1

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30
Q

type ___ alveolar cells produce detergent-like substance called surfactant

A

2

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31
Q

total alveolar surface area is very ___ and permits ___ gas exchange of large quantities of O2 and Co2 diffusion

A

large; rapid

32
Q

alveolar ___ are responsible for host defence

A

macrophages

33
Q

foreign material that is ingested by the alveoli macrophages is either ___or ____

A

killed or carried to the lymphatics

34
Q

what is the function of the epithelial cell lining of the alveoli?

A

provides structural support and thin barrier for easy gas exchange

35
Q

what are the two pleural membranes?

A

parietal an visceral

36
Q

pressure within the intrapleural space is ___ than atmospheric pressure

A

less

37
Q

the parietal pleura covers the __ and ___

A

thoracic cavity and superior face of the diaphragm

38
Q

visceral pleura covers the ___

A

external surface of the lung

39
Q

pleura secrete fluid that remains in the pleural cavity and acts to ____ and prevent ___ when breathing

A

lubricate the lung; friction

40
Q

what is pleurisy?

A

infection / inflammation of the pleura often caused by pneumonia and results in roughening of pleura and friction / sobbing pain with each breath

41
Q

as pleurisy advances, there is a build up of __ that makes it hard to breathe

A

fluid

42
Q

why is the pressure in the intrapleural space below atmospheric pressure?

A

the lung tissue and tissue of the chest wall are very elastic and pull in opposing directions resulting in a slight pressure decrease

43
Q

the pressure in the intrapleural space is typically ~ ___ mmHg below atmospheric pressure

A

3/4

44
Q

normal quit breathing is also called

A

tidal breathing

45
Q

what muscles are involved in tidal breathing?

A

diaphragm and the external intercostal s

46
Q

the diaphragm receives input from the __ nerve

A

phrenic

47
Q

during exercise, what accessory muscles are required for inspiration?

A

scalene and the sternomastoids

48
Q

normal quiet expiration is ___

A

passive

49
Q

during expiration, the inspiration muscles are__

A

relaxed

50
Q

during exercise, what muscles are used for expiration?

A

internal intercostals and abdominals

51
Q

when the diaphragm contracts it moves ___ and ___

A

down and flattens

52
Q

the abdomen moves out a bit during inspiration to ___

A

increase the negative pressure around the lung

53
Q

the pulmonary circulation consists of ___ that carry blood from the ___ to the ___ and then back to the ___

A

blood; heart; alveoli, heart

54
Q

the total blood volume in the pulmonary circuit is ~ ___mL or ___ % of total circulating blood volume

A

500; 10

55
Q

__mL of blood is present in the areolar capillary network at nay given time

A

75b

56
Q

the amount of blood in the pulmonary alveolar capillary network can be increased during exercise to ___ ML. How is this increase possible?

A

150-200. recruitment of previously vacant capillaries

57
Q

mean pressure in the min pulmonary artery is about ___ mmHg, with systolic and diastolic pressures of ___ and ___ respectively

A

14; 24; 9

58
Q

the mean pressure in the aorta is __mmHg

A

90

59
Q

the driving pressure in the pulmonary circuit is very very ___

A

low

60
Q

the pulmonary circulation exists in parallel to

A

the systemic circulation

61
Q

pulmonary arteries carry __ blood

A

de-oxygenated (opposite of systemic circuit)

62
Q

what are the 4 functions of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?

A
  1. low resistance pathway for air
  2. host defence
  3. warms / moistens air
  4. phonation
63
Q

the conductive system assures that air is at what temperature and what level of moisture?

A

37 C and fully saturated

64
Q

what is the 1 function of the respiratory zone?

A

gas exchange

65
Q

how does impaction prevent entry of foreign objects?

A

largest particles can’t turn the corners of the respiratory system, so they hit the wet surface and stick and will then be destroyed or physically removed

66
Q

95% of particles greater than ___Um are filtered by the nose

A

5

67
Q

how does sedimentation prevent entry of foreign materials?

A

gradual settling of particles due to their weight, then mucosillary system will cough them up

68
Q

sedimentation predominates in the ___ airways

A

small

69
Q

what is the diffusion method of preventing entry of foreign materials?

A

random movement of particles as a result of their continuous bombardment by gas molecules

70
Q

the diffusion method only occurs for the particles of less than ___ um

A

0.1

71
Q

what are the 2 main host defence mechanisms and theoir location?

A
  1. mucocilliary system located in the conduction zone

2. alveolar macrophages in respiratory zone

72
Q

macrophage activity is impaired by

A

cigarette smoke, alcohol, alveolar hypoxia, ozone, radiation

73
Q

inspired air moves down the terminal bronchioles by ___

A

bulk flow

74
Q

once in the respiratory zone, the surface area is so large that __ takes over

A

difusion

75
Q

conducting zone is ___mL volume or __% of a normal breath

A

150, 30

76
Q

the total surface area of the respiratory zone

A

70 m2

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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