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Physiology for Pharmacy > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

what is condition? what activities does it include?

A

high level functions carried out by the brain; identifying relevant features in complex stimuli, recognizing related objects, storing information of novel stimuli and relation to familiar objects, planning appropriate responses

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2
Q

what are the special aspects of cognition?

A

visual perception, analysis used for speech

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3
Q

what are the 3 main brain structures involved in cognition?

A
  1. association cortexes of prefrontal, parietal and temporal lobes
  2. basal nuclei
  3. dopaminergic input to basal ganglia
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4
Q

what is the function of the basal nuclei on cognition?

A

repress cognitive processes (acts as a brake)

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5
Q

what is the function of dopaminergic input on cognition?

A

facilities de-repression, allowing cognition

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6
Q

cognition comes from the latin word cognito which means

A

learning, knowledge, examination

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7
Q

t/f association areas are involved in processing primary sensory information / motor output

A

false

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8
Q

the basal nuclei surpasses cognition via neurons in the ___ that tonically inhibit neurons in the __ that extend to cortical areas and would typically cause cognition

A

globus pallidus; thalamus

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9
Q

what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusion

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10
Q

what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

apathy, lack of emotion, social anxiety and isolation

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11
Q

what are the cognitive symptoms schizophrenia?

A

disorganized thoughts, difficulty completing tasks

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12
Q

the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be caused by __

A

defect in repression of cognitive events by basal nuclei

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13
Q

list three causes of schozophrenia

A
  1. combination of genetic, developmental, and social factors
  2. structural changes frontal cortex (smaller)
  3. dopamine hypotheses
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14
Q

what is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A

caused by too much dopamine

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15
Q

dopamine agonists can cause __

A

hallucinations and delusions

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16
Q

list 2 treatments for schizophrenia

A
  1. neuroleptics

2. atypical antipsychotics

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17
Q

what are neuroleptics?

A

dopamine antagonists that lower the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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18
Q

what are atypical antipsychotics?

A

dopamine and serotonin antagonists

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19
Q

localized lessons of the association cortex lead to __

A

specific defects

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20
Q

give an example of an event that may result in a localized lesson of the association cortex

A

stroke

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21
Q

generalized lessons of the association cortex lead to ___

A

general defects in cognition such as memory, language, perceptual skills, social behaviour, and problem solving

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22
Q

example of pathology that would cause generalized lesions of the association cortex

A

Alzheimers disease

23
Q

a lesion to the frontal lobe would result in what sort of deficiencies?

A

problem solving, planning and social behaviour

24
Q

damage to the temporal lobe may result in what kind of difficiencies?

A

agnosia = difficulty recognizing familiar objects

25
Q

damage to the parietal lobe may result in what types of deficiencies?

A

contralateral neglect syndrome (unaware of all the objects on contralateral side to lesion)

26
Q

the temporal association area receives input from the __ and ___ cortexes and is responsible for recognizing ___

A

primary auditory and visual; complex stimuli

27
Q

the parietal cortex contains the ___ and ____ cortexes

A

primary somatosensory and posterior parietal

28
Q

the association area of the parietal lobe receives input from the ___ and ___ cortexes

A

visual and somatosensory

29
Q

t/f there are many areas of the association cortex involved in specialized aspects of language analysis and generations

A

true

30
Q

the areas associated with a certain task can be determined using what imaging process?

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

31
Q

lesions in the wernicke’s/brocas areas can lead to __-

A

aphasia (deficits in language generation)

32
Q

lesions in the wernickes area will cause

A

lack of language comprehension

33
Q

lesions in the brocas area will casue

A

expressive aphasia (difficulty forming words and senstences, but can understand language

34
Q

what are the 2 categories of memory?

A
  1. qualitative

2. temporal

35
Q

what are the 2 subclasses of qualitative memory?

A
  1. declarative (what can be expressed by language)

2. procedural (unconscious , like riding a bike)

36
Q

what are the 2 subclasses of temporal memory?

A
  1. short term (sec-min)

2. long term (days-years)

37
Q

what brain parts are used in procedural memory?

A

cerebellum, premotor cortex, basal nuclei

38
Q

what brain areas are used in declarative memory?

A

hippocampus (short term) and association areas (long term)

39
Q

impairment of the hippocampus results in ___

A

amnesia

40
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

can’t make new memories

41
Q

memories are likely stored as long-lasting changes in the effectiveness of ___ , referred to as __

A

synapses; synaptic plasticity

42
Q

long-term potentiation at many glutamatergic synapses is dependent on ___ type glutamate receptors

A

NMDA

43
Q

synaptic transmission of memory typically only involves ___ type glutamate receptors

A

AMPA

44
Q

simultaneous activation of many glutamatergic synapses leads to strong ___ which removes the __ from NMDA receptors, resulting in the influx of __

A

depolarization; Mg, Ca

45
Q

calcium acts as a ___ for signalling pathways that lead to insertion of new ___ in the postsynaptic membrane

A

second messenger; AMPA

46
Q

additional insertion of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane leads to ____

A

long-lasting increase of synaptic efficacy and therefore increase in postsynaptic potential

47
Q

synaptic plasticity works best with neurons that release __ at synapse. which is __% of neurons in the brain

A

glutamate; 50

48
Q

AMPA receptors are permeable to __ and__

A

Na and K

49
Q

___ receptors are mostly responsible for the creation of EPSP

A

AMPA

50
Q

NMDA receptors are sensitive to both ___ and ___ and require strong __ to open

A

glutamate and voltage; depolarization

51
Q

formation of memories is linked to what phase of longterm potentiation?

A

initial

52
Q

storage of memories is linked to what phase of longterm potentiation?

A

maintenance phase

53
Q

how can membrane EPSP cause a depolarization great enough to open NMDA receptors?

A

several synapse on the same region and add together

54
Q

what is the purpose of the Mg on the NMDA receptors/

A

acts as a stopper to ions when there is not a song enough depolarization

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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