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Physiology for Pharmacy > Lecture 4: Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

information is passed between cells at the __

A

synapse

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2
Q

synaptic transmission involves ___ signalling between cells

A

chemical

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3
Q

an action potential in a presynaptic cell triggers transmitter release that is dependent on ___ (ion type)

A

calcium

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4
Q

transmitters interact with __ and ___ receptors to alter the function of postsynaptic cell

A

inotropic and metabotropic

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5
Q

activation of ionotropic receptors initiates a ___ response in the postsynaptic cell

A

electrical

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6
Q

postsynaptic cells integrate synaptic inputs by the process of __ and __ summation

A

temporal and spatial

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7
Q

miniature endplate potentials demonstrate the ___ nature of transmitter release at synapses

A

quantal

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8
Q

t/f neuromuscular transmission can be affected by drugs and toxins

A

true

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9
Q

from the axon to the synapse, __ energy is converted to __ energy

A

electrical; chemical

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10
Q

list 4 types of circuits for synaptic transmission

A
  1. diverging
  2. converging
  3. reverberating
  4. parallel
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11
Q

explain the reasoning for the small size of a synapse

A

want neurotransmitter to effectively and quickly get to receptors on postsynaptic cell so information can travel quickly

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12
Q

outline the steps of synaptic transmission

A
  1. there is an action potential in the presynaptic cell
  2. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and it rushed in
  3. the Ca2+ causes vesicles containing neurotransmitter to travel to membrane and fuse to release neurotransmitters across synapse
  4. neurotransmitter binds to receptor on post synaptic cell
  5. receptor undergoes conformational change, opening channels
  6. there is a change in postsynaptic membrane potential
  7. postsynaptic response
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13
Q

there are ___ on both vessicle and cell membrane that allow for vesicle docking

A

proteins

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14
Q

what proteins are involved in vesicle docking?

A
  1. synaptotagmin

2. SNAREs: synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin

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15
Q

what is the role of Ca2+ wrt to vesicle docking proteins?

A

binds to them and stimulates for them to bind to each other

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16
Q

what are 3 methods of removal of neurotransmitter from synapse?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. enzymatic degradation
  3. uptake by cells
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17
Q

why is removal of neurotransmitter from synapse important?

A

must turn off transmission quickly so information can reach the next steps and be transmitted faster

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18
Q

if neurotransmitter is not recycled by the presynaptic cell, what other type of cells uptake them?

A

glial astrocytes in CNS

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19
Q

the ability of a neurotransmitter to simply diffuse away from the synapse is based on the __ of the synapse

A

shape

20
Q

when might it be beneficial to prevent removal of neurotransmitter>

A

in treatment of diseases that results in weak transmission

21
Q

what type of receptor is an inotropic receptor?

A

ligand-gated

22
Q

activation of inotropic receptors involves the change in membrane ___

A

permeability to certain ion

23
Q

inotropic receptors generate a ___, ___ response

A

fast; electrical

24
Q

what type of receptors are metabotropic receptors?

A

g-protein coupled receptors

25
Q

metabotropic receptors function by activating___

A

intracellular secondo messaggero pathways

26
Q

the response caused by metabotropic receptors is ___(faster/slower) than that os inotropic receptors

A

slower

27
Q

explain the action of EPSP

A

they bring the membrane potential closer to threshold

28
Q

nicotinic receptors are permeable to both __ and __ ions when acetylcholine is bound

A

na and K

29
Q

give 2 examples of events that can cause an EPSP

A
  1. acetylcholine activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
  2. glutamte activation of ionotrpoic glutamate receptor (cation channels)
30
Q

an EPSP can be classed as a __ potential

A

local graded

31
Q

explain IPSP

A

hyper polarization that brings membrane potential further from threshold

32
Q

give an example of IPSP

A

GABA activation of inotropic GABAa receptor that allows passage of chloride into cell

33
Q

what is spatial summation of synaptic inputs?

A

postsynaptic cell integrates inputs coming from different locations (different presynaptic). can be added together to reach threshold

34
Q

what is temporal summation of synaptic inputs?

A

postsynaptic cell integrates frequency of inputs coming from the same location/cell. can be added together to reach treshold

35
Q

list 5 ways drugs can work as inhibitors at the synapse

A
  1. cause leakage of transmitter into cytoplasm instead of into synapse
  2. block transmitter release
  3. inhibit transmitter synthesis
  4. block (act as antagonist)
  5. block transmitter reuptake by presynaptic cell, possibly causing the cell to run out
36
Q

list 4 ways drugs can act as facilitators at the synapse

A
  1. increase transmitter release
  2. block transmitter repupatke
  3. block transmitter degradation
  4. mimic (act as agonist)
37
Q

what element of the membrane of muscle cell makes it more responsive?

A

folds that house more receptors

38
Q

are there EPSP / IPSP in neuromuscular transmission?

A

no, if theres an action potential in neutron, theres an action potential in muscle

39
Q

describe the steps of neuromuscular transmission

A
  1. nerve action potential generated
  2. calcium rushes in and causes vessicle fusion
  3. acetycholine is released into synapse
  4. acetylcholine is bound to receptor causing channel to allow more passage of ions
  5. end plate potential is reached
  6. EPP spreads to adjacent membrane
  7. EPP leads to acscle action potential and propagation of AP
  8. acetylcholinesterase breaks down excess actylocholene
40
Q

t/f miniature end plate potentials happen randomly, even at rest

A

true

41
Q

what causes mini end plate potentials

A

the occasional Ache molecules slipping out without being activated ny ca2+

42
Q

BoTX impairs the ___

A

release of vesicle contents (permanently)

43
Q

4-AP inhibits __ resulting in ___ action potentials

A

K channels; prolonged

44
Q

wCTX inhibits ___ leading to ___

A

ca2+ channels; muscle paralysis

45
Q

hemicholinium prevents __ , causing __

A

recycling of choline; presynaptic cell to run out

46
Q

neostigmine /endrophonium inhibit ___ ,allowing __

A

acetylcholinesterase; longer ache presence (longer ap)

47
Q

d-tubocuranine, a-bungarotoxin, and gall amine are __ products that inhibit __-. they can be found in __ and __

A

plant; endplate potential’ poisonous animal venom and muscle relaxant for surgery

Physiology for Pharmacy (39 decks)

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