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Human anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage (calcium) , Hematopoesis (Blood cell formation)

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

80 bones that make up central axis along midline (skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage)

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3
Q

How many bones in the skull?

A

29

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4
Q

How many vertebrae?

A

26

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5
Q

How many bones make up the thoracic cage?

A

24 ribs and 1 sternum

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6
Q

What does the Appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

126 bones that make up the limbs and girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton (pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle)

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7
Q

Long bone

A

Expanded ends called epiphysis, central shaft called diaphysis. Examples include humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, phalanges, etc

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8
Q

Short bone

A

box shaped (carpals and tarsals)

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9
Q

Flat bone

A

broad surface (scapula, clavicle, frontal, ribs, sternum, etc)

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10
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

bones embedded within tendons (patella is largest example, most are small bones in palmar and plantar regions)

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11
Q

Irregular Bone

A

Complex shape not long, short or flat (vertebrae, hyoid, temporal, maxillae, mandible, etc)

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12
Q

What makes up the matrix of osseous tissue?

A

Osteoid and hydroxyapetite

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13
Q

Osteoid

A

Provides flexibility and tensile strength to resist stretching (osseous tissue)

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14
Q

Hydroxyapetite

A

Gives bones its hardness and ability to resist compression

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15
Q

What cells can you find in osseous tissue?

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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16
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

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17
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone-forming cells found on inner and outer surfaces

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18
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells found in lacunae connected by canaliculi

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19
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone-destroying cells, break down the matrix to release minerals

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20
Q

Compact bone

A

Superficial layer of bones, dense, appears smooth and solid, consists of multiple osteon

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21
Q

Osteon

A

Consists of concentric lamellae surrounding central canal that runs parallel to the axis of a long bone is lined with endosteum and contains blood vessels and nerves

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22
Q

Lamellae

A

Plates of osseous tissue

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23
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

surround the central canal forming osteons

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24
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

wedged between osteons

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25
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

surrounding the outer and inner edges of compact bone

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26
Q

Perforating canal (Volkmann’s)

A

runs perpendicular to axis of long bone connecting central canals to the periosteum and medullary cavity. Lined with endosteum, contains blood vessels and nerves.

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27
Q

Spongy Bone (trabecular)

A

Deep layer of bone, surrounds medullary cavity in the diaphysis of long bones and fills epiphysis of long bones, consists of trabeculae with many open spaces (trabecular cavities)

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28
Q

Trabeculae

A

Mesh of small branching plates

29
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded end of long bone, composed mostly of spongy bone, contains red marrow

30
Q

Diaphysis

A

tube-shaped central shaft of long bone, contains thick outer layer of compact bone

31
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

disc of hyaline cartilage at the epiphysis-diaphysis junction, allows bone to grow in length, ossifies at end of puberty to become epiphyseal line (compact bone)

32
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers external surface of epiphyses, structure similar to hyaline cartilage, decreases friction at joint surfaces

33
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Deep within the diaphysis, contains, red (blood cell formation more in infants than adults) and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)

34
Q

Periosteum

A

Outside membrane covering diaphysis, richly supplied w blood vessels, contains outer layer of fibrous CT and inner cellular layer of osteogenic cells

35
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane lining the medullary cavity, the trabeculae of spongy bone, and canals of compact bone, sontains osteogenic cells and osteoclasts.

36
Q

What is ossification?

A

The formation of bone from another tissue

37
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone develops within a fibrous membrane *Examples- parietal, frontal, part of occipital, part of mandible, part of clavicles, patella

38
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage is replace by bone *Examples- All other bones includes all long bones, short bones, most irregular, some flat bones (ribs, sternum, scapula,coxal)

39
Q

Interstitial/longitudinal growth

A

increase in length of long bone *chondrocytes on epiphyseal side divide (zone of proliferation), older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis calcify and die, osteoclasts breakdown calcified matrix, osteoblasts deposit new bone from diaphysis side (zone of ossification)

40
Q

Closure of epiphyseal plate

A

At maturity chondrocyte division slows and osteoblasts catch up, plate completely ossifies and becomes epiphyseal line

41
Q

Appositional growth

A

growth in thickness (width) *Osteoblasts deposit bone to the outer surface below the periosteum, osteoclasts remove bone from the inner surface, enlarging the medullary cavity

42
Q

Bone remodeling

A

occurs throughout one’s life, involves both new bone formation (osteoblast activity) and bone reabsorption (osteoclast activity)

43
Q

Why does bone remodeling occur?

A

Maintain proper proportions, repair injured bone or increase bone strength, mechanical stress( bones adapts to loads under which it is placed) and hormonal control (PTH is released from parathyroid glands when calcium is too low, PTH activates osetoclasts to breakdown bone matrix releasing calcium)

44
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass that occurs when the rate of bone reabsorption exceeds the rate of bone formation as the body ages *osteoclast activity out paces osteoblast activity, results in porous bones that are light and fragile

45
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

A fracture in which the skin remains intact

46
Q

Compound (open) fracture

A

A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin (carries high risk of infection)

47
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone

48
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees

49
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion

50
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments

51
Q

Impacted fracture

A

One fragment is driven into another, usually as a result of compression

52
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken

53
Q

What are the four steps of bone regeneration?

A
  1. Formation of fracture hematoma
  2. Formation of internal and external calli/callus
  3. Ossification of cartilage
  4. Remodeling
54
Q

Process

A

Bump or projection of the bone (zygomatic process of temporal)

55
Q

Trochanter

A

Large rough projection (greater trochanter of femur)

56
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rounded projection (Greater and lesser tubercle of humerus)

57
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge (iliac crest)

58
Q

Spine

A

Sharp, slender or pointed process (anterior superior iliac spine)

59
Q

Head

A

Prominent rounded articular surface (head of humerus or femur)

60
Q

Condyle

A

Smooth rounded articular process

61
Q

Facet

A

small, flat articular surface (patellar facet of femur)

62
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

63
Q

Sulcus

A

Groove

64
Q

Meatus

A

Tube shaped canal or passageway

65
Q

Fissure

A

Slit like opening, crack

66
Q

Foramen

A

Rounded opening for nerves/vessels

67
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone

68
Q

Neck

A

Narrowing of the bone below the head

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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