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Human anatomy > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of a cell?

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Organelles

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2
Q

Plasma Membrane is…

A

Semi-permeable barrier forming the outer border of a cell

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3
Q

Cytoplasm is…

A

The contents of a cell including organelles and a liquid called cytosol

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4
Q

Cytosol is…

A

Intracellular fluid containing ions, proteins and nutrients

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5
Q

Organelles are…

A

cellular structures that perform a function (i.e. Nucleus)

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6
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Separates extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid, controls what enters and exits the cell, cell markers and receptors ( cell recognition, binds hormones, cell communication)

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7
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Fluid betwen other cell membranes or extracellular materials

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8
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist of?

A

Phospholipid bilayers, proteins, Glycocalyx

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9
Q

What makes up the phospholipid bilayer?

A

hydrophilic heads (water loving) face extracellular and intrecelllar fluid and hydrophobic tails (water fearing ) face inward away from fluid

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10
Q

What are the different proteins found in the plasma membrane?

A

Peripheral membrane proteins, integral membrane proteins and channel proteins

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11
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

located on inside or outside of the membrane

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12
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

embedded in the membrane

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13
Q

Channel proteins

A

Allow ions in/out of cell

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14
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Coating that covers the outside of cell used for recognition of cell and protection of cell surface

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15
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of solutes across the plasma membrane not requiring ATP

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

solutes move from region of high concetration to a region of low concentration until evenly distributed

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17
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across the membrane from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

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18
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of solutes across the plasma membrane requiring ATP

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19
Q

Solute Pumping

A

Proteins use ATP to move solutes against concentration gradient (i.e sodium-potassium pump)

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20
Q

Endocytosis

A

moves material from extracellular space to interior of cell

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21
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell takes in a large particle

22
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell takes in sample of extracellular fluid and small particles

23
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

cell takes in particles with specific structures

24
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moves material from interior of cell to extracellular space. Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane expelling the contents out of the cell

25
Q

What are come of the major organelles?

A

Nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisome, mitochondria, centrosome

26
Q

Nucleus

A

control center of the cell, contains chromosomes made of chromatin (strands of DNA bound to proteins)

27
Q

Nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane

A

double membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dark stained body, site of ribosome production

29
Q

Ribosome

A

Small dark bodies made of protein and RNA, site of protein synthesis (translation), found free in the cytoplasm and attached to rough ER

30
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER

A

fluid-filled coiled tubules, serve as a channel for transporting substances within the cell

31
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes, manufactures all secreted proteins

32
Q

Smooth ER

A

Functions in lipid metabolism and cell signaling

33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of flat membranous sacs, packages proteins for transport depending on their final destination

34
Q

Vesicles

A

Small membranous compartments bud off of the cell membrane, nucleus, ER and golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles release content by exocytosis, membrane renewal vesicles fuse with the cell membrane or they become lysosomes or peroxisomes and remain in cytoplasm

35
Q

Lysosome

A

specialized vesicles containing digestive enzymes- digest proteins from non-usable or damaged organelles, destroy bacteria and other foreign materials within the cell

36
Q

Peroxisome

A

specialized vesicles containing oxidase enzymes- Detoxify harmful substances like alcohol and formaldehyde, break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

37
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane structures- the “powerhouse” of the cell that provides ATP for cellular energy, infoldings of inner membrane are called cristae, inner fluid called the matrix, contains it’s own circular DNA for reproduction and protein synthesis

38
Q

Centrosome

A

Directs the formation of microtubules, located near the nucleus, important role in enabling the movement of chromosomes during cell division, consists of a pair of centrioles (Rod-shaped bodies composed of short microtubules and other proteins arranged in a cylindrical structure)

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides the cell with an internal framework, supports organelles and facilitates intracellular motility

40
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes made of protein, radiate out from a region near the nucleus, anchor and move organelles, form mitotic spindles during cell division, largest diameter of cytoskelton elements

41
Q

Microfilaments

A

Concentrated under the plasma membrane, function in cell mobility and shape, braces plasma membrane and strengthens cell surface, smallest diameter of cytoskeleton elements

42
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Composed of proteins with high tensile strength, resist pulling forces on the cell

43
Q

Cilia

A

Whip-like extensions that occur on the free surface of the cell, Move substances along the cell surface, found in epithelial cells lining most of the respiratory tract

44
Q

Flagella

A

much longer whip-like extensions, functions to propel the cell itself, only human anatomy example is sperm

45
Q

Microvilli

A

Small finger-like extensions that increase the surface area, found on epithelial cells lining the intestines and tubules of the kidney

46
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Form an impermeable barrier between cells by interlocking proteins encircling the cell, found at the apical surface of epithelial cells, keeps out enzymes, acids and microorganisms

47
Q

Desmosome

A

Anchor intermediate filaments of adjacent cells together, prevent cells that are subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart

48
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Cells are connected by hollow cylinders. allow chemical communication between cells, found in smooth and cardiac muscle

49
Q

What is transcription?

A

The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding for a gene are read and used to guide the synthesis of a messenger RNA copy of the gene with a corresponding nucleotide sequence, occurs in the nucleus

50
Q

What is translation?

A

Sequence of messenger RNA is read and used to guide the synthesis of a protein, occurs at ribosome

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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