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Human anatomy > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest and most superior portion of the brain, Right and left hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of gray matter, deep under the gray matter is white matter and some deep areas of gray matter called basal nuclei

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3
Q

Gyrus

A

Elevated ridges on the surface separated by sulci (shallow grooves) and fissures (deep grooves)

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4
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Primary motor cortex lies in the precentral gyrus
  • controls somatic motor neurons that excite skeletal muscles on contralateral side
  • Premotor cortex-motor planning
  • Prefrontal cortex-intellect, reasoning, judgement, concern for others, personality traits, and management of emotions.
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5
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Contains the primary motor cortex

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6
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex-postcentral gyrus
  • Receives impulses involved in touch, pain, pressure and stretch
  • Somatosensory association cortex-Integrates sensory input into understanding based on past experiences
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7
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

contains primary somatosensory cortex

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8
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Primary auditory cortex-receives sensory information for sense of hearing
  • Auditory association cortex- interprets sound into context
  • Olfactory cortex-sensory input for sense of smell
  • Hippocampus- functions important for memory formation
  • Part of limbic system-functions important for emotions and memories
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9
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • Primary visual cortex- receives sensory input for vision

* Visual association cortex- Surrounds the primary, more complex visual processing

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10
Q

Insular lobe

A
  • Found hidden deep within the lateral sulcus*
  • Primary gustatory cortex- receives sensory input for taste
  • Functions as part of the limbic sytem processing emotions
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11
Q

Tracts

A

white matter in the CNS consisting of bundles of axons

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12
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Largest tract in the brain, connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

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13
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • In frontal lobe, left hemisphere only

* controls muscles involved in speech production

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14
Q

Wernick’s Area

A
  • In temporal lobe, left hemisphere only

* Important for language comprehension

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15
Q

Basal nuclei/ basal ganglia

A

Gray matter deep in the cerebrum

  • Striatum (includes caudate nucleus and putamen)-Adjust stopping, starting and intensity of movements after receiving input from cerebral cortex
  • Globus pallidus-works with striatum to regulate motivation
  • Amygdala- almond shaped, deep in temporal lobe, important for negative emotions
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16
Q

Diencephalon

A

Superior to brain stem, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres, encloses the third ventricle, consists of hypothalamus/ thalamus, etc

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17
Q

Lateral ventricle

A
  • Form the walls of the third ventricle

* Relay station for all incoming sensory impulses except olfaction

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18
Q

Intermediate mass

A

Connects left and right halves of the thalamus

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Four Fs- Feeding, fornication, and fight or flight
  • Autonomic control center-controls ANS centers in the brain stem and spinal cord
  • emotional responses-fear, anger, pleasure
  • Hunger-Responds to changes in levels of nutrients and hormones
  • Water balance and thirst- osmoreceptors detect concentrations of body fluids
  • Controls body temperature-Initiates cooling or heating mechanisms
  • Connects to pituitary and regulates endocrine system
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21
Q

Infundibulum

A

connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

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22
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Important for memory- damage due to thiamine deficiency syndrome causes impaired memory
*connect to the medial temporal lobe through the fornix

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23
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin which regulates your day-night cycles

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24
Q

Brainstem

A

consists of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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25
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Superior portion of the brain stem directly inferior to diencephalon.
  • Consists of
  • corpora quadrigemina (4 protrusions on dorsal surface, superior colliculli-visual reflexes and inferior colliculli- auditory reflexes)
  • cerebral peduncles
  • cerebral aqueduct (Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles)
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26
Q

Pons

A
  • Bulging region of brain stem between midbrain and medulla

* Contains respiratory control centers

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27
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • Base of the brain stem
  • Contains vital reflex centers that regulate the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory centers
  • Consist of meduallry pyramids and medullary olives
28
Q

Medullary pyramids

A

Longitudinal ridges on the ventral surface of medulla

*contain motor tracts that cross over before they continue down the spinal cord

29
Q

Medullary olives

A

Relay information to the cerebrum and cerebellum

30
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Posterior to the pons and medulla
  • densely packed with small neurons
  • Fine tunes motor commands based on sensory feedback and learning from previous experiences
31
Q

Folia (leaves)

A

Horizontal folds in the outer gray matter of cerebellar cortex

32
Q

Arbor vita (Tree of life)

A

Inner white matter, branches of the cerebellum

33
Q

What are the three meninges of the brain?

A

Pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater

34
Q

Dura mater

A

Superficial layer, consists of two layers of fibrous CT that are fused except for areas where they are separated to enclose dural sinuses

35
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Loose middle layer, subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood vessels, arachnoid villi extend through dura mater into superior sagittal sinus

36
Q

Pia mater

A

deepest layer, clings tightly to the brain following every sulcus

37
Q

Ventricle

A

Cavity within the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

Right and left lateral ventricles

A

C shaped cavities within the cerebrum

39
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

Thin membrane at midline separating right and left lateral ventricles

40
Q

Third ventricle

A

Formed by the medial walls of the thalamus

41
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Inferior to the third ventricle and is continuous with the central canal of spinal cord

42
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Connects third and fourth ventricle, runs through midbrain

43
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid / CSF

A

fluid found in and around the brain and spinal cord, cushions brain and spinal cord, transports nutrients and waste

44
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Cluster of capillaries found on the roof of ventricles, *Responsible for the formation of CSF
*ependymal calls selectively transport material between blood and CSF

45
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A
  • Contains ascending (sensory info) and descending tracts (motor info) of the CNS
  • Integrates and processes information (functional independence)
46
Q

Structure of the spinal cord

A

Runs from the foramen magnum to L1/L2 through the vertebral foramen

47
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Expanded superior end of spinal cord is larger because there are numerous nerves going to/from the upper limbs

48
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

expanded inferior end is larger because there are numerous nerves supplying the lower extremities

49
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Cone shaped tapered end of the spinal cord located st the level of the L1/L2 vertebrae

50
Q

Filum terminale

A

Meninges extending inferior from conus to anchor spinal cord to coccyx

51
Q

Cauda equina “horse tail”

A

lower lumbar and sacral spinal nerves travel inferior past the conus through vertebral foramen before exiting the spinal column

52
Q

Anterior median fissure

A

Deep crease along the ventral surface

53
Q

Posterior median sulcus

A

Shallow groove along dorsal surface

54
Q

White matter

A

contains myelinated axons located superficial to gray matter, tracts traveling up and down the spinal cord

55
Q

Tract

A

Axons in the CNS

56
Q

Nerve

A

bundles of axons in the PNS

57
Q

Gray matter

A

non-myelinated (cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals)

58
Q

Dorsal horns

A

contain sensory axon terminals and interneurons

59
Q

Ventral horns

A

Contain somatic motor neuron cell bodies

60
Q

Lateral horns

A

contain preganglionic autonomic motor neuron soma

61
Q

Dorsal root

A

Contain axons of sensory neurons entering the spinal cord

62
Q

Ventral root

A

contain axons of motor neurons leaving the spinal cord

63
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Axons carrying sensory info to the brain

64
Q

Descending tracts

A

Axons carrying motor commands from the brain to the periphery

65
Q

Posterior white colums

A

contains major ascending tracts carrying the somatosensory information
*medial to posterior gray horns

66
Q

Anterior and lateral white columns

A

contain major descending tracts that regulate the motor neurons of the ventral gray horn

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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