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Human anatomy > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, digestion, propulsion, absorption and defecation

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2
Q

ingestion

A

taking food in, occurs in the mouth

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3
Q

digestion

A

breaking down food into smaller particles to release nutrients

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4
Q

propulsion

A

movement of food along the digestive tract

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5
Q

absorption

A

transport of nutrients from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to the blood

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6
Q

defecation

A

elimination of waste and indigestible substances from the gastrointestinal tract as feces that passes through the anal canal

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7
Q

alimentary canal

A

aka gastrointestinal or GI tract, tube extending from the proximal opening of the mouth to the distal opening of the anus

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8
Q

mouth

A

functions include ingestion, mastication, mixes food with saliva, forms a bolus

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9
Q

pharynx

A

functions include the pharyngeal phase of deglutition

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10
Q

esophagus

A

functions include the esophageal phase of deglutition

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11
Q

stomach

A

functions include secretion of acidic gastric juice leading to formation of chyme (semi-fluid composed of partially digested food) from a bolus

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12
Q

small intestine

A

primary location of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption, has three major regions-duodenum, jejunum, and ilium

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13
Q

duodenum

A

short proximal segment that receives chyme from stomach and exocrine secretions from the pancreas and liver/gall bladder, responsible for most chemical digestion and some nutrient absorption

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14
Q

jejunum

A

long middle segment responsible for most nutrient absorption. surface is highly folded with large circular folds called plicae circulares covered in smaller folds called villi

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15
Q

ilium

A

longest and most distal segment responsible for some nutrient absorption, drains into the large intestine, contains numerous peyer’s patches (lymphoid tissue)

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16
Q

large intestine (colon)

A

absorbs most of remaining water and some nutrients, forms feces, eliminates feces in the process of defecation

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17
Q

accessory organs that assist with digestion

A
  • salivary glands-produce saliva that lubricates food and contains enzymes
  • pancreas-produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
  • liver-produce bile salts which emulsify lipids
  • gall bladder- stores concentrates and releases bile salts
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18
Q

what is the function of teeth?

A

mastication begins mechanical digestion by breaking down food into smaller pieces

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19
Q

deciduous teeth

A

20 teeth-emerge from ages 6 to 24 months

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20
Q

permanent teeth

A

32 teeth, most emerge from ages 6-12 years, 3rd molar 17-25 years

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21
Q

incisors

A

2 per quadrant

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22
Q

canine

A

1 per quadrant

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23
Q

premolars

A

2 per quadrant replace the deciduous molars

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24
Q

molars

A

3 per quadrant

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25
Q

crown

A

exposed portion of tooth covered in enamel (hardest substance in the body)

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26
Q

neck of tooth

A

contacts the gingiva (gums)

27
Q

Root of tooth

A

connected to dental alveolus (tooth socket) by periodontal ligament

28
Q

dentin

A

deep to the enamel, consists of calcified CT and gives tooth its shape

29
Q

pulp cavity of tooth

A

blood vessels and nerves, root canal extend into the root

30
Q

cementum

A

surrounds the dentin in the roots, attaches root to the periodontal ligament

31
Q

Parotid salivary gland

A

superficial to the masseter muscles, duct opens near 2nd upper molar

32
Q

submandibular salivary gland

A

lies on the medial aspect of the mandible, duct opens near base of the lingual frenulum (fold of mucous membrane connecting the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity)

33
Q

sublingual salivary gland

A

lies under the tongue, 10-12 ducts open to the floor of the oral cavity

34
Q

What is the organization of the esophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia

35
Q

Mucosa of esophagus

A

innermost layer lining lumen, mucus membrane epithelium

*non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

36
Q

Submucosa of esophagus

A

second layer, dense irregular CT layer, contains nervous tissue, large blood vessels, and large lymphatic vessels

37
Q

Muscularis externa of esophagus

A

third layer, layers of muscle and nervous tissue surrounding submucosa. Composed of skeletal muscle in the proximal region and smooth muscle through the middle and distal portions

38
Q

Adventitia of esophagus

A

superficial sheath of dense irregular CT

39
Q

What is the organization of the stomach?

A 
Mucosa
Lamina propria
Muscularis interna
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
40
Q

Mucosa of stomach

A

innermost layer lining the lumen, mucus membrane epithelium

*simple columnar epithelium, folds in to form gastric pits (glands) that contain the cells that secrete gastric juice

41
Q

Lamina propria of stomach

A

layer of areolar CT, contains numerous blood and lymphatic vessels that transport nutrients following absorption

42
Q

Muscularis interna of stomach

A

layer of smooth muscle in the stomach and intestines that forms the border between mucosa and submucosa and contracts to produce folds that increase surface area

43
Q

Submucosa of stomach

A

dense CT layer, contains nervous tissue, large blood vessels, and large lymphatic vessels

44
Q

Muscularis externa of stomach

A

layers of muscle and nervous tissue surrounding the submucosa. Composed of smooth muscle arranged in three laters- oblique layer(deepest), circular layer (middle) and longitudinal layer (superficial)

45
Q

Serosa of stomach

A

aka visceral layer of peritoneal membrane this serous membrane forms outermost lining and attaches to the mesentery (folds of peritoneal membrane)

46
Q

Lesser omentum (mesentery of the stomach)

A

between the liver and the lesser curvaturenof the stomach, Contains the left and right gastric arteries

47
Q

Greater omentum (mesentery of stomach)

A

extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and drapes inferiorly over the anterior of the intestines folding up to attach to the transverse colon

48
Q

Duodenum

A

first portion of small intestine- contains numerous brunner’s glands

49
Q

Jejunum

A

second portion of small intestine- largest plicae circulares and longest villi in mucosa

50
Q

ilium

A

contains peyer’s patches

51
Q

Right and left lobes of liver

A

right is larger lobe, separated by falciform ligament

52
Q

caudate lobe of liver

A

on the posterior along the right side of the inferior vena cava

53
Q

quadrate lobe of liver

A

rectangular shaped lobe immediately to the left of the gallbladder

54
Q

Lobule

A

structural units of the liver, consisting of plates of hepatoctyes situated around a central vein

55
Q

portal triad

A

branch of hepatic portal vein, hepatic proper artery, and bile duct
*blood from hepatic portal veins and hepatic arteries empty into sinusoids then drains through the central vein to hepatic veins exiting the liver

56
Q

hepatocytes

A

liver cells lining the sinusoids, absorbs and secrete materials into the blood, produce bile

57
Q

bile canaliculi

A

narrow channels that carry bile away from the hepatocytes empty into bile ducts at the portal triad

58
Q

What is the path of bile from the liver?

A
  • Right and left hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct
  • Common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
  • common bile duct merges with the main pancreatic duct to empty into the duodenum
59
Q

pancreas

A

posterior to stomach and parietal layer of the peritoneal membrane (retroperitoneal)

60
Q

pancreatic acini

A

clusters of exocrine cells producing the pancreatic juices containing bicarbonate (a base that neutralizes acidity raising the pH of the chyme from the stomach)
*pancreatic juice is excreted through the pancreatic ducts into the duodenum

61
Q

Organization of colon

A

mucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

62
Q

mucosa of colon

A

simple columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli, contains numerous goblet cells, infoldings form indentations called intestinal crypts but there are no villi

63
Q

muscularis externa of colon

A

longitudinal layer-contractions decrease the length of alimentary canal-forms three narrow parallel bands called the tenia coli that produce haustra (bulging segments)

64
Q

Serosa of colon

A

aka visceral layer, transverse mesocolon-connects transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen, contains the middle colic artery

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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