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Human anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary tissue types?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

A

Lines the body surfaces and forms glands, cells fit closely together forming sheets, desmosomes and tight junctions hold adjacent cells together, apical and basal surface, avascular (no blood vessels), high capacity to regenerate

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3
Q

Apical surface

A

unattached, faces exterior or a lumen (space in the body)

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4
Q

Basal surface

A

attached, anchored to extracellular fibers (basil lamina)

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5
Q

Connective Tissue Characteristics

A

supports other tissues, specializes cells dispersed in non-living extracellular material, consists of matrix and ground substance

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6
Q

Matrix

A

Network of protein fibers surrounding cells in CT

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7
Q

Ground substance

A

Extracellular material that varies in consistency from thin liquid (plasma in blood), viscous liquid (maple syrup consistence in CT proper), gel (firm gel in cartilage), or solid (hydroxyapatite in bone). Structurally and functionally diverse.

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8
Q

What are the main categories of CT?

A

CT proper (includes stroma of soft organs, tendons and adipose), Supporting CT (includes bone and cartilage), Fluid CT (includes lymph and blood)

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9
Q

What are the major CT cell types?

A

Fibrocyte, Adipocyte, Erythrocyte, Leukocyte, Osteocyte, and Chondrocyte

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10
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Mature cells that maintain the matrix of CT proper

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11
Q

Adipocyte

A

Store fat in CT proper (abundant in adipose tissue)

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12
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Transport oxygen in blood, red blood cell

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13
Q

Leukocyte

A

Defend against infection, white blood cell

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14
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature cells that maintain the matrix of bone

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15
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Mature cells that maintain the matrix of cartilage

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16
Q

Muscle Tissue Characteristics

A

Contract to produce motion, three main types are skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

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17
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Connected to bones through tendons

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18
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Lines hollow organs

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19
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Forms wall of heart

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20
Q

Nervous Tissue Characteristics

A

Rapidly transmits and processes information, found in brain, spinal cord and nerves, contains specialized cells called neurons and neuroglia.

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21
Q

What are the four membrane type?

A

cutaneous, serous, mucous and synovial

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22
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Cover the external surfaces of the body, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, bound to underlying areolar CT, *epidermis and dermis

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23
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Line cavities that open to the exterior, moist membrane, varies in epithelium bound to underlying areolar CT, *Respiratory, digestive and urinary

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24
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Line Ventral cavities that are closed to the exterior, simple squamous (mesothelium) on a thin layer of areolar CT, Parietal layer (lines cavity wall), Visceral layer (lines organ), serous fluid is secreted between the parietal and visceral layers *Examples include pleura (lines lungs), pericardium (lines heart), peritoneum (lines abdominal cavity and organs)

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25
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Made up of CT no epithelium, lines inner surface of joint cavities, areolar CT only, Secrete synovial fluid for lubrication

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26
Q

What are the four stages of tissue healing after a wound?

A

Hemostasis, Inflammation, Granulation, Remodeling

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27
Q

Hemostasis

A

Clotting reduces blood loss fro damaged blood vessels, a network of fibrin protein traps blood cells and binds the edges together

28
Q

Inflammation

A

Response of body to injury, works to increase the number of leukocytes in the tissue to defend against infection and remove damaged tissue *redness, swelling, heat, pain

29
Q

Granulation

A

Fibroblasts from the surrounding CT fill in the wound with a network of extracellular fibers and blood vessels grow through forming granulation tissue, epithelial cells grow in from edges along the damaged surface

30
Q

Remodeling

A

Fibers of CT are reorganized to maximize strength and minimize scarring *Regeneration- damaged tissue is replaced by same type of tissue (no scarring), epithelia, CT proper and bone regenerate easily or Fibrosis-damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue (dense CT), cardiac muscle and nervous tissue does not regenerate and is replaced by scar tissue

31
Q

Simple epithelium

A

one layer

32
Q

Stratified

A

More than one layer

33
Q

Pseudostratified

A

One layer that looks like two

34
Q

Squamous

A

flattened

35
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube-shaped w=h

36
Q

Columnar

A

Column-shaped h>w

37
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Function: diffusion and secretion
Location:Air sacs in lungs (alveoli), serous membranes that line body cavities, inner lining of blood vessels, portion of the nephron in kidneys

38
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Function: secretion and absorption
Location: Portion of the nephrons in kidneys, ducts of glands, follicles of thyroid
*central round nucleus

39
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Function: Absorption and secretion
Location: Lines digestive tract and uterine tubes
*oval nuclei, often contains goblet cells

40
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Function: Protect underlying tissue from abrasion
Location: Skin, mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina

41
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Function: secretion
Location: Lines the ducts of sweat glands

42
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Function: secretion
Location: Ducts of salivary glands

43
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

Function: secretion and propel subtances (mucus) across cell surface
Location: Portion of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, larynx and trachea)
*contains goblet cells and cilia

44
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Function: Stretches to permit distension to urinary organs
Location: lines ureters, urinary bladder and portions of kidney (renal pelvis)
*apical cells vary from cuboidal to squamous/basal cells appear cuboidal

45
Q

Endocrine glands

A

expel secretions directly into surrounding tissue, diffuses into bloodstream, ductless, secrete hormones (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands)

46
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Expel secretions onto a surface through a duct (goblet cells, sweat and oil glands in skin)

47
Q

Simple exocrine gland

A

single unbranched duct

48
Q

compound exocrine gland

A

branched duct

49
Q

Tubular secretory portion of exocrine gland

A

elongated tube shpe

50
Q

Alveolar (acinar) secretory portion of exocrine gland

A

expanded pocket or sac shape

51
Q

Tubuloalveolar secretory portion of exocrine gland

A

combination of tube shape with an expanded end

52
Q

What are the types of CT?

A

Areolar CT, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular and elastic CT

53
Q

Areolar CT

A

loose CT proper, supports epitheleal tissues, space enables blood vessels to travel, matrix (fluid-gel w collagen fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers), various cells ( mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes and leukocytes) *common under eipthelia in mucous and serous mebranes

54
Q

Adipose CT

A

loose CT proper, closely packed adipocytes (fat cells), matrix (same as areolar CT), fat globules take up the cytoplasm pushing nucleus to the side, function: insulation, cushioning, fuel reserve *found under skin, around kidneys, abdomen, breasts

55
Q

Reticular CT

A

loose CT proper, delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers, forms soft supportive skeleton for organs (stroma), found in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and liver

56
Q

Dense regular CT

A

CT proper w numerous parallel collagen fibers, matrix (parallel bundles of collagen fibers), fibroblasts and fibrocytes, resist unidirectional stress, found in tendons attaching muscle to bone and ligaments connecting bones

57
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

CT proper with numerous collagen fibers running in different directions, Matrix (randomly arranged bundles of collagen fibers), fibroblasts, fibrocytes, resists multidirectional stress, found in deep dermis of the skin, joint capsules, fibrous capsules surrounding organs

58
Q

Elastic CT

A

Dense CT proper, matrix (bundles of collagen fibers w numerous elastic fibers), resists stress, stretches, recoils, found in elastic arteries such as aorta and walls of blood vessels

59
Q

What are the different types of supporting CT?

A

Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, Fibro cartilage and bone (osseous tissue)

60
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most common type of cartilage, appears glassy and uniform, provide structure yet flexible, found in nose, ends of bones, costal cartilage, tracheal rings

61
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline w numerous elastic fiber bundles, very flexible, able to tolerate repeated bending and maintain shape, found in external ear, eustachian tube and epiglottis

62
Q

Fibro cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline w numerous collagen fibers, withstands heavy pressure and highly compressible, found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and menisci

63
Q

Bone or osseous tissue

A

Bundles of densely packed collagen fibers forming plates (lamellae) and struts (trabeculae), hard tissue provides structure for body and protection of organs, found in the skeleton

64
Q

What are the types of fluid CT?

A

Blood and lymph

65
Q

Blood

A

red liquid containing plasma, erythroctyes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes, transports material (oxygen), found within organs of the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels)

66
Q

Lymph

A

Clear liquid containing leukocytes, drains extracellular fluid and transports materials (fat from intestines), found in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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