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Human anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A

External respiration, maintain blood ph homeostasis, sound production and smell

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2
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the external environment and the blood

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3
Q

Maintaining blood ph homeostasis

A

Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid so removing carbon dioxide from the blood increases blood ph

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4
Q

Sound production

A

the vocal cords in the larynx vibrate as air is forced through producing sound to enable vocalization

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5
Q

smell

A

air drawn into the nasal cavity where odorants dissolve into the mucous of the olfactory epithelium

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6
Q

conducting zone

A

series of interconnecting cavities and tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs, bulk flow of air in and out occurs here but no external respiration
*includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles

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7
Q

respiratory zone

A

Portions of the respiratory system where external respiration occurs
*Includes respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

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8
Q

respiratory mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells found lining the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea and bronchi
*filters, moistens and warms air

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9
Q

Mucus

A

traps bacteria and foreign debris and moistens air

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10
Q

cilia

A

sweeps mucus towards the pharynx

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11
Q

Nose

A

primary entrance into the respiratory system

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12
Q

nasal septum

A

divides nasal cavity into left and right sides

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13
Q

nasal conchae

A

increases turbulence of inspired air and increases exposure to respiratory mucosa

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14
Q

meatus

A

groove under the nasal conchae

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15
Q

hard and soft palate

A

floor of nasal cavity and roof of oral cavity

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16
Q

internal nares

A

opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx

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17
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

produce mucus and resonate sound

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular passage extending from the nasal cavity to the larynx. Divided into three regions-nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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19
Q

Nasopharynx

A

superior portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to internal nares and superior to soft palate

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20
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

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21
Q

eustachian tubes

A

open into the nasopharynx

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22
Q

oropharynx

A

middle portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to the oral cavity, common passageway for food and air

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23
Q

palatine tonsils

A

located on the lateral walls of the oropharynx

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24
Q

lingual tonsil

A

found at the base of the tongue

25
Q

laryngopharynx

A

inferior portion of the pharynx, extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus (posterior) and the larynx (anterior)

26
Q

larynx

A

passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea, inferior to the hyoid and anterior to the esophagus, produces sound and prevents food from entering the trachea

27
Q

true vocal cords

A

elastic ligaments attached to the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx, when pulled tight they vibrate and produce sound as air is expelled from lungs

28
Q

glottis

A

opening between vocal cords

29
Q

epiglottis

A

spoon shaped elastic cartilage flap that projects from the anterior aspect of the larynx over the glottis, larynx rises and the epiglottis moves down to form a lid over the glottis when swallowing

30
Q

vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

A

mucosal folds superior to true vocal cords, sensitive to touch and will provoke coughing reflex to eject anything that enters the larynx

31
Q

Trachea

A

anterior to the esophagus from the larynx, divides at the carina into the right and left primary bronchi

32
Q

lungs

A

spongy organs composed mostly of elastic connective tissue, found in the thoracic cavity surrounded by the right and left pleural cavities

33
Q

apex of lungs

A

superior point, deep to the clavicle

34
Q

base of lungs

A

inferior broader portion, rests on diaphragm

35
Q

right lung

A

three lobes- superior, middle and inferior, has horizontal and oblique fissure

36
Q

left lung

A

two lobes- superior and inferior, separated by the oblique fissure, has cardiac notch on the medial side

37
Q

pleural membranes

A

double serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs, pleural fluid fills area between layers to allow gliding and resist separation

38
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the lung surface

39
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

40
Q

bronchial tree

A

branching of bronchi into smaller and smaller branches

41
Q

primary bronchi

A

right and left branch from the trachea, enter the right and left lung at the hilus (medial depression)

42
Q

secondary bronchi

A

one per lobe

43
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

one per segment (subdivisions of the lobes)

44
Q

bronchioles

A

small branches that have a thick smooth muscle layer and no cartilage

45
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

lined w non ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

46
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

very thin wall made of simple squamous epithelium, connects to the alveolar ducts within alveolar sacs

47
Q

respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)

A

site of external respiration (gas exchange) between blood and air in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

48
Q

alveolar sacs

A

clusters of air sacs with a thin wall of simple squamous epithelium

49
Q

alveoli

A

thin walled air sacs, each closely associated with capillaries

50
Q

what type of cells are found in the wall of alveolar sacs?

A

Type I, type II and macrophages

51
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

simple squamous epithelium supported by elastic basement membrane

52
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

surfactant secreting cells produce oily fluid that reduces surface tension to prevent collapse of alveoli

53
Q

macrophages

A

perform phagocytosis to engulf debris

54
Q

Inspiration

A

movement of air into lungs- contraction of primary muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) leads to increased volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing volume decreases pressure and air flows into the lungs

55
Q

Expiration

A

movement of air out of the lungs- relaxation of muscles of inspiration leads to decreased volume of the lungs, decreasing volume increases pressure and air flows out of the lungs

56
Q

During gas exchange

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the plasma membrane of cells by simple diffusion

57
Q

External respiration

A

gas exchange between the blood of the pulmonary capillaries and air in the respiratory zone of the lungs, oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out

58
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body, oxygen moves out of the blood and carbon dioxide moves in

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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