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Human anatomy > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Movement

A

Contraction pulls on insertion where a tendon attaches to a bone or other tissue

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2
Q

Posture

A

By producing muscle tone with continuous contractions to stabilize joints

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3
Q

Protection

A

Muscles support the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and protectthe visceral organs ex:rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus protect the intestines

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4
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Metabolism can be regulated to produce heat and warm the body temperature

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5
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system

A

Movement, posture, protection and thermogenesis

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6
Q

What are the general functions of muscle tissue

A

excitability and contractility

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7
Q

Excitability

A

Muscles respond to stimuli

Ex:skeletal muscles stimulus comes from a motor neuron

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8
Q

Contractility

A

Muscles can shorten when stimulated

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle structure and location

A

Found in the muscular wall of the heart (myocardium), branching striated cells called cardiomyocytes have a central round nucleus and form cell junctions called intercalated disks that contain desmosomes and gap junctions.

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10
Q

Striations

A

alternating light and dark bands (stripes)

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11
Q

Cardiac muscle function

A

Contraction is involuntary, stimulated by an internal pacemaker of the heart, regulated by autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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12
Q

Smooth muscle structure and location

A

Found in the walls of hollow organs, Spindle shaped (fusiform) cells with a central nucleus and no striations

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13
Q

Smooth muscles function

A

Contraction is involuntary, regulated by the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle structure and location

A

Found attached to skeleton through tendons (dense regular CT), Long striated cells called fibers that contain multiple nuclei

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15
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundle of skeletal muscle fibers

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16
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Tendon that forms a thick flattened sheet ex:epicranial aponeurosis

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17
Q

Origin

A

Location where tendon attaches to bone that remains stationary during the action produced by contraction of that skeletal muscle

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18
Q

Insertion

A

attachment that moves during the action produced by contraction

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19
Q

Epimysium

A

Superficial covering of fibrous CT that encloses the skeletal muscle organ and connects to tendon

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

Fibrous CT covering bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles

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21
Q

Endomysium

A

Areolar CT covering individual fibers within a fascicle

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22
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

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23
Q

Myofibril

A

Non-membranous organelles within muscle fibers made of repeating structural and functional units called sarcomeres containing overlapping myofilaments

24
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Membranous organelles similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibrils, its primary function is storage and release of calcium

25
Q

Transverse (T) tubules

A

Deep indentations in the sarcolemmal surface forming a network of narrow spaces filled with extracellular fluid. The sarcolemma here contains channels that allow facilitated diffusion of sodium ion from the extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Expanded chambers of sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to T-tubules

27
Q

Sarcomere

A

structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle cells contains overlapping thick and thin myofilaments

28
Q

Myofilaments

A

Fibrous proteins within myofibrils that produce contraction

29
Q

Thick filaments

A

contain motor protein called Mysoin ATPase

30
Q

Thin filaments

A

contain Actin (cytoskeleton protein supports shape of the cell and contains binding sites for myosin), Troponin (Calcium sensor protein), and Tropomyosin (Fibrous protein covers myosin binding sites of actin)

31
Q

Z-line

A

Ends of sarcomere contain proteins that anchor thin filaments in place

32
Q

A-band

A

Entire length of the thick filament

33
Q

I-band

A

Only thin filaments with no overlap of thick filaments

34
Q

H-band

A

Central region of thick filaments with no overlap of thin filaments

35
Q

M-line

A

Center of H-band

36
Q

Skeletal muscle function

A

Contraction is voluntary, controlled by somatic nervous system, somatic motor neurons excite contraction of muscle fibers

37
Q

Neuromuscular junction structure

A

Axon terminal, motor end plate, synaptic cleft, and motor unit

38
Q

Axon terminal

A

End of motor neuron that releases neurotransmitters to excite muscle fiber

39
Q

Motor end plate

A

Sarcolemmal surface adjacent to axon terminal that has receptors that detect neurtransmitters

40
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small space between axon terminal and motor end plate

41
Q

Motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it excites

42
Q

Excitation

A

At the neuromuscular junction, the axon terminal releases acetylcholine (ACh). The motor end plate is the location of the ACh receptors in the muscle fiber sarcolemma. When ACh molecules are released, they diffuse across a minute space called the synaptic cleft and bind to the receptors that stimulate an action potential (brief reversal of the membrane potential)

43
Q

Contraction

A

An action potential stimulates the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into flood the sarcoplasm. Calcium is the mediator of excitation contraction coupling that binds to troponin exposing the binding sites on actin to allow cross-bridge formation. A cross-bridge forms between actin and the myosin heads triggering contraction. As long as calcium ions remain in the sarcoplasm to bind to troponin, and as long as ATP is available, the muscle fiber will continue to shorten

44
Q

Parallel (non-fusiform) fascicle arrangement

A

Fibers run straight from origin to insertion

Ex: sartorius

45
Q

Parallel (fusiform) fascicle arrangement

A

Spindle shaped large belly tapers at end

Ex: biceps brachii

46
Q

Convergent fascicle arrangement

A

Spread out broadly at the origin but come together to a narrow tendon for insertion
Ex: Pectoralis major

47
Q

Circular fascicle arrangement

A

Fascicles form concentric rings that surround an opening

Ex: Obicularis oris

48
Q

Pennate fascicle arrangement

A

“featherlike” fibers arranged at an oblique angle to a tendon. Allows the muscle to produce a large force at the expense of producing less movement

49
Q

Unipennate

A

all muscle fibers on same side of the tendon

Ex: Extensor digitorum

50
Q

Bipennate

A

Fibers on both sides of tendon

Ex: Rectus femoris

51
Q

Multipennate

A

Tendon branches within the muscle

Ex:Deltoid

52
Q

What are the seven criteria commonly used to name muscles?

A
  1. Shape Ex: deltoid=triangular
  2. Origin/Insertion Ex:Sternocleidomastoid=O-Manubrium and clavicle I-Mastoid
  3. Fiber direction Ex:Rectus abdominus, external and internal abdominal obliques
  4. # of origins Ex: Biceps brachii(2 heads), triceps brachii (3 heads)
  5. Location Ex:Biceps brachii (arm), biceps femoris (thigh)
  6. Size Ex:Extensor carpi radialis brevis (short) and longus (long), adductor magnus (largest)
  7. Action Ex:Extensor carpi radialis, flexor carpi radialis, adductor magnus, supinator
53
Q

Prime-mover/Agonist

A

Main muscle responsible for action

Ex: biceps brachii

54
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that stretches and stabilizes in support of the action of the agonist
Ex: Triceps brachii

55
Q

Synergist

A

Muscles assit by adding additional force for movement or stability
Ex: Brachialis and Brachioradialis assist with flexion of elbow

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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