Appendicular skeleton Flashcards
What does clavicle consist of?
“collarbone”- sternal end, acromial end, and coracoid tuberosity
What does scapula consist of?
“shoulder blade”- Glenoid cavity, coracoid process, acromial process. superior border, lateral border, medial border, scapular spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa and subscapular fossa
What does the sternal end of clavicle articulate with?
Manubrium forming the sternoclavicular joint (only joint connecting axial and appendicular skeleton)
What does the acromial end of the clavicle articulate with?
Acromial process of scapula forming acromioclavicular joint
What does the coracoid tuberosity attach to and where is it located on the clavicle?
Located on inferior surface of clavicle near the acromial end and attaches to conoid ligament that connects to corocoid process of scapula
What does the glenoid cavity of the scapula articulate with?
Head of the humerus
What does acromial process of scapula articulate with?
Acromial end of clavicle
What does the coracoid process serve as?
Origin for short head of biceps brachii and coracobrachialis, insertion for pectoralis minor
What does the scapular spine serve as?
Origin for deltoid muscle and insertion for trapezius
What do the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa serve as?
Origins of supraspinatus and infraspinatus
What does the subscapular fossa serve as?
Origin of subscapularis muscle
What does the Humerus consist of?
Head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, radial fossa, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, trochlea, capitulum, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle
what does head of humerus articulate with?
Glenoid cavity of scapula
What is the anatomical neck of humerus?
border capsule for shoulder joint
What is the surgical neck of the humerus?
epiphyseal line
What does the greater tubercle serve as?
Insertion for supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles of the rotator cuff (lateral proximal end of humerus)
What does lesser tubercle of humerus serve as?
Insertion for subscapularis muscle (medial to greater tubercle)
What does intertubercular groove of the humerus serve as?
Insertion for pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major (space between greater and lesser tubercle)
What does the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus serve as?
Insertion for deltoid muscle
Radial fossa of humerus (lateral)
accommodates the head of the radius during flexion of the elbow
Coronoid fossa of humerus (medial)
Accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the elbow
Olecranon fossa (posterior)
Accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension of the elbow
Trochlea (medial)
articulates with the ulna to form the elbow joint
Capitulum (lateral)
articulates with the radius to form the elbow joint
Medial epicondyle (superior to trochlea)
serves as origin for muscles of the forearm that flex the wrist and fingers like flexor carpi radialis, fc ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis
Lateral epicondyle (superior to capitulum)
serves as origin for muscles of the forearm that extend the wrist and fingers like extensor carpi radialis brevis, ec ulnaris and extensor digitorum
What does the ulna consist of?
head, olecranon process, coranoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, styloid process and ulnar tuberosity
Head of the ulna
On distal epiphysis
Olecranon process of the ulna
serves as insertion for triceps, enters the olecranon fossa of humerus during extension of the elbow
Coronoid process of the ulna
enters the coronoid fossa of humerus during flexion of the elbow
Trochlear notch of ulna
accommodates trochlea of humerus to form elbow joint
Radial notch of ulna
articulates with head of the radius
Styloid process of the ulna
small extension on posterior of distal epiphysis- stabilizes the wrist
Ulnar tuberosity of ulna
Serves as insertion for brachialis muscle, performs flexion of the elbow
What does the radius consist of?
Head, radial tuberosity, ulnar notch and styloid process
Head of radius
On proximal diaphysis of radius articulates with radial notch of the ulna
Radial tuberosity of radius
serves as insertion for biceps brachii
Ulnar notch of radius
medial side near distal diaphysis, articulates with head of the ulna
Styloid process of radius
stabilizes the wrist
What are the short bones of the wrist. lateral to medial?
Proximal row- Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Distal Row-Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
“Stop letting those people touch the cadaver’s hands”
What comes after the short bones of the wrist?
Metacarpals- Pollex being 1st metacarpal and little finger being 5th metacarpal
What comes after metacarpals?
Phalanges- Each digit has a proximal, middle and distal phalanx except the pollex which just has proximal and distal
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis (3 bones fused to form coxal bone)
Ilium
Flat superior region of coxal bone
Iliac crest (Ridge on superior end of ilium)
Origin for the internal abdominal oblique and insertion for external abdominal oblique that perform flexion and rotation of the vertebral column
Iliac fossa (anterior surface of ilium)
origin of iliacus muscle that performs hip flexion
Anterior superior iliac spine (pointed process at anterior border of iliac crest)
Origin of sartorius muscle that laterally rotates and abducts hip
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Origin of rectus femoris of the quadriceps group that extend the knee
Posterior superior iliac spine
small pointed process on posterior border of iliac crest
Posterior inferior iliac spine
small pointed process at the superior border of the greater sciatic notch
Greater sciatic notch
large curve on posterior of ilium where the largest nerve in the body travels (sciatic nerve)
Acetabulum
Articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
Ischium
forms the inferior posterior region of the coxal bone
Ischial spine
Small process at inferior border of greater sciatic notch and superior border of lesser sciatic notch
Obturator Foramen
Origin of obturator muscles that assist with lateral rotation and abduction of hip
Ischial tuberosity
Origin for hamstrings muscles that flex the knee (biceps femoris long head, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus)
Ischial Ramus
Articulates with inferior pubic ramus
Pubis
Bone that forms the anterior inferior region of the coxal bone
Pubic symphysis
Articulation between medial surfaces of left and right pubis- composed of fibrocartilage
Superior pubic ramus
Projects lateral towards acetabulum, superior to obturator foramen
Inferior pubic ramus
articulates with ischial ramus forming inferior border of obturator foramen
Pubic turbercle
small rounded prejection on anterior of coxal bone, is superior border of inferior pubic ramus and medial border of superior pubic ramus
Pubic arch/angle
Angle formed below pubic symphysis, usually <90 degress in male and >90 degrees in female
What makes up the femur?
Head, fovea, neck, lesser and greater trochanters, intertrochanteric crest, intertrochanteric line, gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial and lateral epicondyle and condyle, intercondylar fossa and patellar surface
Head of femur
articulates with acetabulum of coxal bone
Fovea
Depression on the femoral head that attaches to ligament of the head to stabilize hip joint
Neck of femur
narrow region connecting head to diaphysis
Lesser trochanter of femur
rough projection on proximal end of femur medial to neck and is insertion for iliacus and psoas muscles that flex the hip
Greater trochanter of femur
rough projection lateral to neck, insertion for gluteus medius and piriformis muscles that abduct hip
Intertrochanteric crest
Ridge on posterior of femur connecting lesser and greater trochanters
Intertrochanteric line
On anterior between greater and lesser trochanters, distal end of the hip joint capsule
Gluteal tuberosity
posterior of femur inferior to greater trochanter, insertion for gluteus maximus that extends the hip
Linea aspera
“rough line”- elevation on midline of posterior diaphysis, origin for biceps femoris short head of quadriceps muscle group that flex the knee and insertion for adductor magnus
Medial and lateral epicondyle of femur
ridges superior to condyles, provide point of attachment for lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the knee
Medial and lateral condyle of femur
articulate with medial and lateral condyles of tibia to form knee joint
Intercondylar fossa
deep indentation between medial and lateral condyles
Patellar surface
Smooth anterior side of distal epiphysis, superior to lateral and medial condyles
What does the tibia consist of?
Medial and lateral condyle, intercondylar eminencem tibial tuberosity, anterior crest/margin, medial malleolus
Medial and lateral condyle of tibia
articulate with condyle of he femur to form knee joint
Intercondylar eminence of tibia
Ridges between lateral and medial condyles of tibia
Tibial tuberosity
rough projection on anterior of proximal epiphysis
Anterior crest/margin of tibia
ridge on anterior surface of diaphysis distal to tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
“hammer”-projects from distal epiphysis on medial side to prevent lateral sliding on the talus
What does the fibula consist of?
Head and lateral malleolus
Head of fibula
proximal epiphysis
Lateral malleolus of fibula
Stabilizes ankle joint
What are the tarsals (ankle and posterior pedal bones)?
Talus, Calcaneous, Cuboid, Navicular, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform and medial cuneiform
Talus
2nd largest tarsal, articulates with tibia and fibula to form ankle joint
Calcaneous
largest tarsal forms the heel and is the insertion for plantar flexors of sural region via achilles tendon
Cuboid
large cube shaped short bone, lateral pedal region, articulates with metatarsals 4 and 5
Navicular
medial pedal region, articulates with talus and cuneiform bones
Lateral cuneiform
articulates with medial side of cuboid and base of 3rd metatarsal
Intermediate cuneiform
articulates with base of 2nd metatarsal
Medial cuneiform
articulates with base of 1st metatarsal
Metatarsals
long bones in tarsal region 1-5 Hallux being 1st metatarsal
Phalanges
Pedal digits 1-5 proximal, middle and distal phalanx, except for the hallux which consists of proximal and distal phalanx
what does the knee joint consist of?
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, medial and lateral menisci
