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Human anatomy > Intro to nervous system > Flashcards

Intro to nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

Sensory input

A

monitoring stimuli occuring inside and outside the body

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3
Q

Integration

A

Processing of sensory input and formulation of motor commands

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4
Q

Motor output

A

Response to stimuli by activating effector organs

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5
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system ( all nervous tissue outside the CNS)

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6
Q

Reflex

A

Predictive rapid response to a stimulus

  • Receptor detects stimulus
  • afferent/sensory neuron relays info to the CNS *control/integration center (region of the CNS that processes sensory info and sends motor commands)
  • Efferent/motor neuron carries motor commands away from CNS to the effector
  • effector (muscle or gland that responds to motor commands by producing the response)
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7
Q

Afferent/ sensory division of PNS

A

Carry info from receptors to the CNS

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8
Q

Somatic afferent fibers

A

Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints

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9
Q

Visceral afferent fibers

A

Carry impulses from organs within ventral body cavities

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10
Q

Special sensory afferent fibers

A

Carry impulses from nose, eye, tongue, and ear

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11
Q

Efferent/motor division of PNS

A

Motor neurons carry commands away from CNS to effectors

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12
Q

Somatic efferent fibers

A

control voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

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13
Q

Autonomic efferent fibers

A

Control involuntary cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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14
Q

Sympathetic division

A

travels through thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves and produces the fight or flight responses to mobilize energy reserves and prepare for activity to deal with stress

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15
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Travels through cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerve and produces the rest and digest maintenance responses to store and conserve energy

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16
Q

Structure of a typical neuron

A
  • Soma-cell body, contains nucleus and organelles
  • Dendrites-branching extensions that contain receptors to detect neurotransmitters from other neurons
  • Axon hillock- where cell body tapers into the axon, site where the action potential originates
  • Axon-single long process, transmits action potential away from soma
  • Axolemma-Plasma membrane of an axon
  • Myelin sheath-Insulation formed by glial cells wrapping around the axon, nodes of ranvier-gaps in myelin sheath, internodes-segements of myelin
  • Axon terminals-enlarged distal ends of an axon that contain secretory vesicles filled with neurotransmitters (synaptic vesicles)
17
Q

Interneurons (association neurons)

A

create neural circuits enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the CNS, only found in CNS

18
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

multiple processes branching off the cell body, numerous dendrites and one axon

19
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

appear to have one extension off the cell body. This extension branches forming a long axon with dendrites on one end and axon terminals on the opposite end *most sensory neurons of the PNS

20
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Two extensions from cell body, one dendrite and one axon *Found in special sense organs

21
Q

Neuroglia (glia)

A

cells that surround and support neurons

22
Q

Astrocyte (CNS)

A

Star shaped, processes cling to neurons and capillaries

  • Provide structural support-anchor neurons to surrounding tissues and capillaries
  • Maintain blood brain barrier-feet wrap around capillaries and controls uptake of selected materials from the blood
  • Adjusts interstitial environment-recaptures released neurotransmitters and leaked ions
  • Guides neuron development-directs growth of neurons and synapse formation
23
Q

Oligodendrocyte (CNS)

A

Wrap cytoplasmic processes around the axons of neurons

*Forms a white fatty insulation material called a myelin sheath

24
Q

Microglial cells (CNS)

A

Oval cells with long thorny processes

*Remove cellular debris and pathogens

25
Q

Ependymal cells (CNS)

A

Ciliated cells, line chambers filled with CSF

  • Monitor and maintain the composition of CSF
  • Assist in circulation of CSF
26
Q

Schwann cells (PNS)

A

Surrounds and protects axons in PNS

  • Forms myelin sheath around some axons of PNS
  • Neurilemma-outer layer that contains schwann cell cytoplasm
27
Q

Satellite cells (PNS)

A

Surround cell bodies of neurons

*Isolates cell body and regulates exchange of nutrients and waste

28
Q

Membrane potential

A

Separation of charge across the plasma membrane measured in volts

29
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Membrane potential at rest when the cell is not receiving information in the form of a graded potential of sending out information as an action potential. Resting potential is typically around -70mV *Chemical gradients-higher Na+ outside cell, higher k+ inside cell

30
Q

Depolarization

A

The membrane potential becomes less negative

*When neurons are stimulated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell

31
Q

Graded potential

A

A localized change in membrane potential that is short lived and dissipates as it travels

  • Can be stimulated by neurotransmitters binding to ligand gated channels, mechanical stress, or temperature change
  • If the stimulus is excitatory it will cause depolarization of the membrane
32
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulse producing a brief reversal of the membrane potential that travels down the entire length of the axon from the axon hillock to the axon terminals

33
Q

Rising (depolarization) phase of the action potential

A

Na+ rushes in through voltage gated Na+ channels

34
Q

Threshold potential

A

V-gated Na+ channels open at membrane potential of -55mV

35
Q

Falling (Repolarization) phase of action potential

A

K+ rushes out through voltage gated K+ channels

36
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurons or a neuron and muscles, glands, or cells

37
Q

Structure of a synapse

A
  • Presynaptic neuron-transmits impulse towards synapse, axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron release neurotransmitters
  • Synaptic cleft-fluid filled space where neurotransmitters are released
  • Postsynaptic cell (Neuron, muscle, gland, etc)-receives information from the presynaptic neurons

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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