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Human anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

ductless organ that secretes hormones

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2
Q

hormone

A

chemical messages that travel through the blood to regulate target cells

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3
Q

target cell

A

have specific receptors to which the hormone binds, receptors may be intracellular or located on the plasma membrane

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4
Q

what changes can target cells trigger after hormone binding?

A
  • alter plasma membrane permeability
  • synthesis of proteins
  • activate or inactivate enzymes
  • stimulate cell division (mitosis)
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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

secretes releasing hormones that control the activity of the anterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

contains 2 functional lobes-anterior pituitary made of glandular tissue and the posterior pituitary made of nervous tissue

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7
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

made of nervous tissue, connected to hypothalamus by neural tissue

  • Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary where they are stored and released
  • Oxytocin-causes uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection reflex during nursing
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-stimulates reabsorbtion of water in the kidneys leading to reduced urine volume
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8
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

made of glandular tissue, connected to hypothalamus by the hypophyseal portal system-capillary beds
*produces tropic hormones to stimulate growth of another gland and regulate the release of hormones from other endocrine glands

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9
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

targets thyroid gland to produce hormones

*release stimulated by the hormone TRH from the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

*release stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus

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11
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

In females-stimulates egg maturation and estrogen production
In males-stimulates sperm development
*release stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

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12
Q

Leutinizing hormone (LH)

A

In females-stimulates ovulation and progesterone production
In males-stimulates testes to produce testosterone
*Release stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

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13
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates cell growth and division in skeletal muscle and bone, stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
*release stimulated by GHRH from the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates growth of the mammary gland and milk production

*release stimulated by estrogen from the ovaries

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15
Q

Thyroid gland

A

butterfly shaped gland located in the anterior cervical region
*produces T3, T4, and calcitonin

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16
Q

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

A

increases cell metabolism, important in normal tissue growth

  • produced by follicular cells
  • Release stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary
17
Q

Calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoblasts, inhibits osteoclast

  • produced by C cells of the thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)
  • release stimulated by high calcium levels (hypercalcemia)
18
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

tiny masses found on the posterior side of the thyroid

  • parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by chief cells (principal cells) in response to low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia)
  • stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone, stimulates activation of vitamin D leading to increased absorption of Ca2+ in digestive tract, stimulates reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
19
Q

Adrenal glands

A

paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop the kidneys-structurally and functionally they are two glands in one (adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex)

20
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

located in the center of adrenal glands, nervous tissue that acts as part of the sympathetic nervous system

  • produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
  • release stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers
21
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

outer layer of adrenal gland, made of glandular tissue

  • synthesizes and releases steroid hormones
  • there are 3 zones- zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
22
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

superficial layer of adrenal cortex

*produces mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)-reabsorption of sodium, secretion of potassium

23
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

middle layer of adrenal cortex

  • produces glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)-long term stress response increases blood glucose levels by stimulating synthesis of glucose from protein, increase appetite, suppresses the immune system decreasing inflammation
  • release stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary
24
Q

Zona reticularis

A

deepest layer of adrenal cortex
*produces gonadocorticoids including dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) an adrogen (hormone that binds to the same receptor as testosterone) to stimulate maturation of hair follicles in women during puberty

25
Q

Pancreas

A

located posterior to the stomach, functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland

26
Q

Acinar cells

A

Exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes that are secreted into the duodenum

27
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas

A

organized into the islets of Langerhans

28
Q

alpha cells

A

endocrine cell that produces the hormone glucagon that triggers the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose levels

29
Q

beta cells

A

endocrine cells that produce the hormone insulin that increases the uptake of glucose into the cells, thus decreasing blood glucose levels
*release stimulated by high blood glucose (hyperglycemia)

30
Q

pineal gland

A

produces the hormone melatonin that regulates sleep and wake cycles
*release stimulated by the hypothalamus during dark hours

31
Q

Thymus

A

located in upper thoracic cavity over the heart

*produces the hormone thymosin that regulates maturation of T-lymphocytes

32
Q

Ovaries

A

produce steroid sex hormones

  • estrogen-stimulates secondary sex characteristics at puberty, plays role in regulating ovarian and uterine cycles
  • progesterone-works with estrogen to maintain uterine cycle
33
Q

Testes

A

produces testosterone-stimulates spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics at puberty

Human anatomy (27 decks)

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