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A + P II > SKELETAL PART 1 > Flashcards

SKELETAL PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four functions of muscle tissue

A

produce movement, maintain posture and body position, stabilize joints, generate heat (as they contract)

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2
Q

what are then four characteristics of muscle tissue

A

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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3
Q

does muscle need to be attached to bone to be moved

A

yes

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4
Q

what are myotendinous junctions

A

where muscle fibers connect to tendons; prone to damage

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5
Q

where are the primary sources of force transmission

A

myotendinous junctions

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6
Q

what do myotendinous junctions allow for

A

allow force generated by muscle fibers to be applied through the tendons to the bones to produce desired movements

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7
Q

describe three main traits of skeletal muscle fibers

A

multinucleated; technically differentiated; highly plastic

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8
Q

describe the highly plastic part of skeletal muscle

A

load-driven size alterations; increase activity = hypertrophy; decrease activity = atrophy; activity-determined phenotype (I, IIa,IIx)

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9
Q

describe the length of skeletal muscle fibers

A

varies considerably in human muscles; length + width affect force production potential

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10
Q

differentiate between short and long muscle fibers

A

short fibers = more force, long fibers = higher velocities

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11
Q

describe numbers of skeletal muscle fibers

A

several number fibers in small muscles to a million+ in large muscles; coordination and relaxation of many individual cues that occurs during standing, running, walking etc

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12
Q

whats the sacrolemma

A

muscle fiber plasma membrane

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13
Q

whats the sacroplasm

A

muscle fiber cytoplasm (contains proteins, minerals, fats, organelles, glycogen, myoglobin)

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14
Q

what are the modified organelles for contractions

A

transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils

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15
Q

what are transverse tubules

A

inholdings of sarcolemma that protrude inwards + conduct electrical impulses from surface of cell to terminal cisternae

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16
Q

whats the sarcoplasmic reitculum

A

membranous channel parallel to myofibril and storage site for Ca2+ (basically smooth ER of muscle cells)

17
Q

describe myofibrils

A

roughly 80% of cellular volume and contain the contractile elements of muscle cells (myofilaments)

18
Q

what are striations

A

occur because of repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands

19
Q

what are the light I bands

A

actin

20
Q

how do the light and dark bands appear

A

dark because light can’t go through because of the myosin

21
Q

what are the two types of myofilaments

A

myosin (thick filaments) + actin (thin filaments)

22
Q

what are tropomyosin and troponin

A

regulatory proteins on actin

23
Q

describe the sacromere

A

smallest contractile unity; length-tension relationship; distance from one Z-disk to the next

24
Q

whats G-actin

A

individual subunits of F-actin; globular actin; actin monomers

25
Q

whats F-actin

A

filamentous actin; arranged in double helix; many G-actin come together to form

26
Q

describe actin

A

myosin binding site; exposed by removal of tropomyosin; attaches to myosin crossbridge

27
Q

whats myosin

A

~300 myosin molecules in one thick filament; important for muscular force and velocity of contraction; different myosin isoforms have diff force/velocity charcterstrics; different muscle types

28
Q

describe the different types of myosin heavy chains in animals

A

slow: type I
fast: Type IIA
Type IIX

29
Q

describe Type I fibers

A

endure low intensity activity (like sitting in a chair), slow contraction, high myoglobin, colored red

30
Q

describe Type IIA fibers

A

high force of contraction; cannot sustain effort for long time; fast contraction; high myoglobin; colored red to pink; fatigue more quickly

31
Q

describe Type IIX fibers

A

fast contraction, low myoglobin, colored white, tired out very quickly; strongest, quick/explosive movemenrs

32
Q

describe fiber recruitment

A

based on need for force production; recruit type I first and then move to type IIA and type IIX depending on needs

33
Q

why is Type I red

A

more capillaries in type I; some in Type IIA which is why its pink and none in Type IIX which is why its white

34
Q

what happens to muscle fiber content as people get more fit

A

Type I remains stable, Type IIA increases a ton and type Iix decreases a ton

35
Q

describe exercise + MHS content with age

A

as fit people age, their MHC IIA content increases and type Iix disappears

A + P II (31 decks)

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