IMMUNE 2 Flashcards
what does vasodilation of local arterioles result in
hyperemia (increased blood flow), which brings more immune cells and chemicals to the injured area ad causes redness and heat
what does vasodilation increase
capillary and venule permeability
what does increased capillary and venule permeability cause to seep from blood to tissue
Exudate (fluid w/clotting factors and antibodies)
what does increased capillary and venule permeability sweep
foreign substances into lymphatic system
what do increased capillary and venule permeability deliver
clotting factors → form fibrin mesh scaffold for repair and isolation of area
what does increased capillary and venule permeability cause
swelling and pain
what are the four steps to mobilize phagocytes
leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
how does leukocytosis happen
increase in white blood cells; neutrophils enter blood in response chemical release
what do phagocytes do in margination
cling to inner walls of capillaries
what do infumaed endothelial cells sprout during maringation + what adheres to them
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) - Neutrophils adhere to CAMs
what do neutrophils do during diapedesis
flatten and squeeze through capillary walls
what do inflammatory chemicals draw during chemotaxis
draw neutrophils and WBCs to site of injury; devour foreign material
what do antimicrobial proteins do to microorgansms
attack directly or prevent reproduction
what are larger antimicrobial proteins usually
usually lytic enzymes
what do lytic enzymes do to pathogens
break them apart
what do smaller antimicrobial proteins do
act by disrupting structure/function of microbial cell membranes / plasma membrane
what are the three types of antimicrobial proteins
1) Interferons
2) Complement
3) Transferriniron-binding
what are examples of proteins (1) and macromolecules (2) of larger antimicrobial proteins
nutrient binding proteins, or target specific microbial macromolecule
what are interferons
small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells to protect/warn non-infected cells
what do interferons stimulate production of
proteins that “interfere” with viral replication in healthy cells
what do interferons have an indirect role in
fighting cancer
what are some tasks of alpha + beta and gamma interferons
α and β (alpha and beta) interferons:
» Anti-viral properties
» Activate natural killer cells
γ (gamma) interferons:
Secreted by lymphocytes
» Activate macrophages
» Enhances T cell activity
what happens after interferon warns healthy cell
healthy cell turns on genes for antiviral proteins which block viral reproduction
what are complement antimicrobial proteins
system of ~20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in inactive state that come together to complement the effectiveness of the innate and adaptive defenses
