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A + P II > IMMUNE 2 > Flashcards

IMMUNE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does vasodilation of local arterioles result in

A

hyperemia (increased blood flow), which brings more immune cells and chemicals to the injured area ad causes redness and heat

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2
Q

what does vasodilation increase

A

capillary and venule permeability

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3
Q

what does increased capillary and venule permeability cause to seep from blood to tissue

A

Exudate (fluid w/clotting factors and antibodies)

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4
Q

what does increased capillary and venule permeability sweep

A

foreign substances into lymphatic system

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5
Q

what do increased capillary and venule permeability deliver

A

clotting factors → form fibrin mesh scaffold for repair and isolation of area

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6
Q

what does increased capillary and venule permeability cause

A

swelling and pain

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7
Q

what are the four steps to mobilize phagocytes

A

leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis

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8
Q

how does leukocytosis happen

A

increase in white blood cells; neutrophils enter blood in response chemical release

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9
Q

what do phagocytes do in margination

A

cling to inner walls of capillaries

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10
Q

what do infumaed endothelial cells sprout during maringation + what adheres to them

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) - Neutrophils adhere to CAMs

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11
Q

what do neutrophils do during diapedesis

A

flatten and squeeze through capillary walls

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12
Q

what do inflammatory chemicals draw during chemotaxis

A

draw neutrophils and WBCs to site of injury; devour foreign material

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13
Q

what do antimicrobial proteins do to microorgansms

A

attack directly or prevent reproduction

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14
Q

what are larger antimicrobial proteins usually

A

usually lytic enzymes

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15
Q

what do lytic enzymes do to pathogens

A

break them apart

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16
Q

what do smaller antimicrobial proteins do

A

act by disrupting structure/function of microbial cell membranes / plasma membrane

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17
Q

what are the three types of antimicrobial proteins

A

1) Interferons
2) Complement
3) Transferriniron-binding

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18
Q

what are examples of proteins (1) and macromolecules (2) of larger antimicrobial proteins

A

nutrient binding proteins, or target specific microbial macromolecule

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19
Q

what are interferons

A

small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells to protect/warn non-infected cells

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20
Q

what do interferons stimulate production of

A

proteins that “interfere” with viral replication in healthy cells

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21
Q

what do interferons have an indirect role in

A

fighting cancer

22
Q

what are some tasks of alpha + beta and gamma interferons

A

α and β (alpha and beta) interferons:
» Anti-viral properties
» Activate natural killer cells

γ (gamma) interferons:
 Secreted by lymphocytes
» Activate macrophages
» Enhances T cell activity

23
Q

what happens after interferon warns healthy cell

A

healthy cell turns on genes for antiviral proteins which block viral reproduction

24
Q

what are complement antimicrobial proteins

A

system of ~20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in inactive state that come together to complement the effectiveness of the innate and adaptive defenses

25
Q

what are complement antimicrobial proteins activates by

A

pathogens or pathogen-bound antibodies

26
Q

what are the three pathways of antimicrobial proteins

A

1) Classical
2) Lectin
3) Alternative

27
Q

describe the classical pathway

A

activated by antibodies in target cell

28
Q

describe the lectin pathway

A

activated by lectins biding to specific sugars on microorganisms surface

29
Q

whats the alternative pathway

A

activated spontaneously; lack of inhibitors on microroganism’s surface allows process to proceed

30
Q

do all pathways come together

A

yes, at C3 to initiate final complement

31
Q

what are the two options after pathways come together at C3

A

enhances inflammation; opsonization

32
Q

describe how the three complement pathways enhance inflammation

A

stimulates histamine release, increased blood vessel permeability, attracts phagocytes by chemotaxis

33
Q

whats opsonooizationn

A

coats pathogen surfaces, which enhances phagocytosis

34
Q

what are two ways to describe fever

A
  • Abnormally high body temperature
  • Systemic response to invading microorganisms
35
Q

how does fever act on hypothalamus to increase body temp

A

leukocytes and macrophages are released to act on the foreign substance, which release pyrogens to increase body temp

36
Q

why is a high fever dangerous

A

denatures enzymes

37
Q

why does liver hoard zinc and iron during fever

A

needed to bacteria growth, so hoarding them can prevent bacteria growth

38
Q

why does fever increase metabolic rate of tissue cells

A

speeds up repair

39
Q

what must the third line of defense be activated by

A

initial exposure, unlike innate (vaccines!)

40
Q

what does it mean that the adaptive defense is antigen specific

A

recognizes and is directed toward specific antigens

41
Q

what does it mean that the adaptive immune system is systemic

A

immunity not restricted to initial infection site

42
Q

what does it mean that the adaptive immune system has memory

A

after initial exposure, it recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on the previously encountered pathogen

43
Q

what are the two types of immunity in adaptive defense

A

humoral and cellular

44
Q

what humoral immunity adapted by

A

Antibody-mediated immunity
- Freely circulating antibodies (from B cells) mark pathogens for destruction

45
Q

what cellular immunity adapted by

A

cells

46
Q

what do lymphocytes (T cells) do in cellular immunity

A

attack virus, parasite infected cells, and cancer cells; direct and indirect

47
Q

differentiate between direct and indirect lymphocytes

A

» Direct: kill pathogens themselves
» Indirect: amplify inflammatory response allowing phagocytes to take out the pathogen

48
Q

what are antigens

A

Substances that can trigger adaptive defenses

49
Q

what are complete antigens

A

can mobilize immune system and provoke an immune response
» eg. pollen, bacteria, fungi, virus particles

50
Q

whats immunogenicity

A

ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies

51
Q

whats reactivity

A

ability to react with the released antibodies and activated lymphocytes

52
Q

what are incomplete antigens (haptens)

A

reactive but not immunogenic
- A chemical that only serves as an antigen when it is bound to a protein in the body
» eg. found in animal dander, detergents, cosmetics, poison ivy

A + P II (31 decks)

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