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A + P II > BLOOD PT 2 > Flashcards

BLOOD PT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does low blood O2 stimulate

A

kidneys to secrete hormone erythropoietin

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2
Q

what does hormone erythropoietin stimulate

A

erythropoiesis in red bone marrow

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3
Q

what are two major RBC producers until age 25

A

tibia and femur

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4
Q

what are three major RBC producers throughout life

A

Vertebrae, sternum, pelvis, ribs, cranial bones

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5
Q

what happens after erythropoiesis

A

Erythrocytes enter bloodstream

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6
Q

what happens to aged/damaged RBCs

A

engulfed by macrophages (in spleen, liver, bone marrow)
→ Raw materials made available for erythropoiesis

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7
Q

describe the process of erthyropoesis regulation

A

stimulated by hypoxia (inadequate O2 delivery due to either low RBC count hemoglobin or availability or O2), so the kidney (and liver a bit) release erythropoietin, which stimulates red bone marrow, which results in enhanced eryhtropoesis increasing RBC count, and results in the increase of the blood to be able to carry O2

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8
Q

whats anemia

A

Abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity

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9
Q

what does low RBC count suggest about anemia

A

hemorrhagic, hemolytic,
pernicious (low Vit B-12), aplastic

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10
Q

what does low hemoglobin suggest about anemia

A

iron-deficiency

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11
Q

what does abnormal hemoglobin suggest about anemia

A

thalassemias, sickle- cell anemia

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12
Q

what’s Polycythemia

A

Abnormal excess of erythrocytes

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13
Q

whats thalassemia

A

Body makes abnormal form or
inadequate amount of hemoglobin; inherited blood disorder; may require regular blood transfusions if servere

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14
Q

describe erthycoytes in thalassemia

A

thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin

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15
Q

what does thalassemia cause

A

fatigue, weakness, facial bone deformities, slow growth, abdominal swelling, darkened urine

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16
Q

whats sickle-cell anemia

A

Inherited form of anemia
- Mutation in hemoglobin (single glutamine to valine!) causes abnormal RBC production

17
Q

what is wrong with the RBCs in sickle-cell anemia

A

Inadequate number of healthy RBCs to carry oxygen through the body; abnormal sickle shape prevents RBCs from traveling to small capillaries + poor O2 carrying capacity

18
Q

what are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia

A

anemia, episodes of pain, painful swelling of hands and feet, frequent infections, delayed growth and vision problems

19
Q

what are two things that are unique about leukocytes/white blood cells

A

 Less than 1% of total blood volume
 Only complete cells in blood

20
Q

whats the basic description/function of WBCs

A

immune function; may leave blood to serve as anti-inflammatory agents

21
Q

what are the two categories of WBCs

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

22
Q

what do granultytes contain and what are three examples

A

contain granules; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

23
Q

what are neutrophils + what do they ingest

A

“bacteria slayers”
- Active phagocytes: ingest bacteria and some fungi

24
Q

what are eosinophils + what do they release

A

lead counterattack on parasitic worms
 Release enzymes from granules onto parasite surface

25
Q

what are basophils + what do they contain and attract

A

have histamine-containing granules
(Histamine: inflammatory chemical and vasodilator)
→ Attracts other WBCs to inflamed site

26
Q

what do agranoluctyes lack

A

granules

27
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

28
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

immune cells

29
Q

where are lymphocytes mainly found

A

found in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen, etc)

30
Q

what are the two kinds of lymphocytes and how are they different

A
  • T lymphocytes (T cells): directly act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
  • B lymphocytes (B cells): give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies
31
Q

what are monocytes

A

differentiate into macrophages and Phagocytose viruses, some bacterial parasites, and chronic infection (tuberculosis)

32
Q

what do monocytes present to lymphocytes

A

 Present antigens to lymphocytes

33
Q

whats leukopenia

A

abnormally low WBC count

34
Q

what is leukemia

A

Leukemia: overproduction of abnormal WBC’s; Clones of a single WBC that remain unspecialized and divide out of control; Myelocytic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia

35
Q

whats infectious mononucleosis

A

viral infection that increases lymphocyte number and size

36
Q

what are platelets and how long do they live

A

Nucleus-free fragments of large cells; Once in blood stream, live for 8 to 10 days

37
Q

what are platelets essential for

A

blood clotting

38
Q

whats Thrombocytopenia

A

platelet shortage; caused by hypoplastic marrow that generates few megakaryocytes

39
Q

whats Thrombocytosis

A

platelet excess; caused by hyperplastic bone marrow that creates too many megakaryocytes

A + P II (31 decks)

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