SIPRI YEARBOOK 2022 Flashcards
History and current status
Why in NEWS?
Recently, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) launched the findings of SIPRI Yearbook 2022, which assesses the current state of armaments, disarmament and international security.
WHAT is SIPRI?
The SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament.
Established in 1966 at Stockholm, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public.
Where is STOCKHOLM situated?
SWEDEN .
Key Highlights.
Nuclear warheads:
Global Scenario:
The nine nuclear-armed states—the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea)—continue to modernize their nuclear arsenals and although the total number of nuclear weapons declined slightly between January 2021 and January 2022, the number will probably increase in the next decade.
Nuclear status of INDIA, CHINA , RUSSIA AND U.S.?
India
India had 160 nuclear warheads as of January 2022 and it appears to be expanding its nuclear arsenal.
Nuclear warheads are the explosive head of a missile or torpedo that uses nuclear energy.
India’s nuclear stockpile increased from 156 in January 2021 to 160 in January 2022.
China
China had 350 nuclear warheads in January 2021 as well as January 2022.
India does not share official data on its nuclear arsenal.
Russia and the USA together possess over 90% of all nuclear weapons.
IMPORTERS OF MAJOR ARMS.
SIPRI identified 164 states as importers of major arms in 2016-20.
Country Wise:
The five largest arms importers were Saudi Arabia, India, Egypt, Australia and China, which together accounted for 36% of total arms imports.
Region wise:
The region that received the largest volume of major arms supplies in 2016-20 was Asia and Oceania, accounting for 42% of the global total, followed by the Middle East, which received 33%.
Suppliers of MAJOR ARMS.
The five largest suppliers in 2016-20 - the United States, Russia, France, Germany and China - accounted for 76% of the total volume of exports of major arms.
LANDMARKS in the NUCLEAR DIPLOMACY?
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW):
After receiving the required 50 ratifications, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) entered into force in January 2021.
New START:
US-Russian arms control agreement New START was extended for five years.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA):
The start of talks on the USA rejoining, and Iran returning to compliance with the Iran nuclear deal, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons:
Nuclear-armed permanent members (P5) of the United Nations Security Council reaffirmed their commitment to complying with non-proliferation, disarmament, and arms control agreements and pledges as well as their obligations under the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
What was START?
START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic offensive arms. The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994.[1] The treaty barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads and a total of 1,600 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and bombers.
START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence. Proposed by US President Ronald Reagan, it was renamed START I after negotiations began on START II.The treaty expired on 5 December 2009
WHAT was the NEW START?
On 8 April 2010, the replacement New START Treaty was signed in Prague by US President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. Following its ratification by the US Senate and the Federal Assembly of Russia, the treaty went into force on 26 January 2011, extending deep reductions of American and Soviet or Russian strategic nuclear weapons through February 2026.
What was the NUCLEAR non -proliferation treaty?
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.
Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in 1970. As required by the text, after twenty-five years, NPT Parties met in May 1995 and agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely. More countries are parties to the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament to the treaty’s significance. As of August 2016, 191 states have become parties to the treaty, though North Korea, which acceded in 1985 but never came into compliance, announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003, following detonation of nuclear devices in violation of core obligations. Four UN member states have never accepted the NPT, three of which possess or are thought to possess nuclear weapons: India, Israel, and Pakistan. In addition, South Sudan, founded in 2011, has not joined.
WHY NPT is often seen to be based on a central bargain ?
the NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals.
What are the Hindrances in Nuclear Diplomacy?
All P5 members continue to expand or modernize their nuclear arsenals and appear to be increasing the salience of nuclear weapons in their military strategies.
Russia has even made open threats about possible nuclear weapon use in the context of the war in Ukraine.
Bilateral Russia–USA strategic stability talks have stalled because of the war, and none of the other nuclear-armed states are pursuing arms control negotiations.
Moreover, the P5 members of UNSC have voiced opposition to the TPNW, and the JCPOA negotiations have not yet reached a resolution.
P-5 members.
The United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China (also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council). China and France acceded to the treaty in 1992. Four other states are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding its nuclear weapons program. India, Israel, and Pakistan have never signed the treaty, while North Korea was a party to the treaty but announced its withdrawal on 10 January 2003,
What are SSN? China recent news about SSN’s.
SSN is an abbreviation for Submersible Ship
Nuclear. It is used to attack the assailants in the
nearby distance. It is general all-purpose attack
submarine. SSN is a hull classification symbol in
which SS denotes Submarine (a submersible ship)
and N denotes nuclear powered
As a part of China’s substantial expansion of its nuclear weapon arsenal, several additional nuclear warheads are thought
to have been assigned to operational forces in 2021 following the delivery of new mobile launchers and a nuclearpowered attack submarine (SSN), the yearbook reveals.
