Brexit and E.U Flashcards
EUROPEAN UNION (E.U.)
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe.
The union and EU citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993.The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome.
In 2020, the United Kingdom became the only member state to leave the EU.
Containing 5.8 per cent of the world population in 2020,[c] the EU generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around US$17.1 trillion in 2021,[17] constituting approximately 18 per cent of global nominal GDP.
In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
facts- Membership -27 members Government -Intergovernmental • President of the Commission - Ursula von der Leyen newest to join - 🇭🇷 croatia (2013)
BRITISH EXIT FROM E.U.( BREXIT)
Brexit a portmanteau of “British exit”) was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union.
The UK had been a member state of the EU and its predecessor the European Communities (EC) since 1 January 1973.
Following Brexit, EU law and the Court of Justice of the European Union no longer have primacy over British laws, except in select areas in relation to Northern Ireland. Under the terms of the Brexit withdrawal agreement, Northern Ireland continues to participate in the European Single Market in relation to goods, and to be a de facto member of the EU Customs Union.
Conservative prime minister of UNITED KINGDOM David Cameron promised to hold a referendum if his government was re-elected. His (pro-EU) government subsequently held a REFERENDUM on continued EU membership in 2016, in which voters chose to leave the EU with 51.9 per cent of the vote share. This led to his resignation, his replacement by Theresa May, and four years of negotiations with the EU on the terms of departure and on future relations, completed under a Boris Johnson government, with government control remaining with the Conservative Party in this period.
The withdrawal agreement was ratified by the UK on 23 January and by the EU on 30 January. The UK left the EU on 31 January 2020 after a withdrawal deal was passed by Parliament
AFTERMATH OF BREXIT
$ The British government’s own Brexit analysis, leaked in January 2018, showed that British economic growth would be stunted by 2–8% over the 15 years following Brexit, the amount depending on the leave scenario. Economists warned that London’s future as an international financial centre depended on passport agreements with the EU.
$ Brexit caused the European Union to lose its second-largest economy, its third-most populous country, and the second-largest net contributor to the EU budget.
$ Brexit was widely described as a factor contributing to the 2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis, in which panic buying led to serious disruption of road fuel supplies across the UK, as it exacerbated the UK’s shortage of HGV drivers.
ELECTIONS IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom that is variously described as a country, province, territory or regionLocated in the northeast of the island of Ireland, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland.
Capital and largest city - Belfast
The 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election was held on 5 May 2022. It elected 90 members to the Northern Ireland Assembly. It was the seventh assembly election since the establishment of the assembly in 1998.
Sinn Féin became the largest party, marking the first time an Irish nationalist/republican party won the most seats in an assembly election in Northern Ireland, and has the right to nominate Northern Ireland’s first nationalist First Minister.
On 17 June 2021, despite a letter from the Democratic Unionist Party chairman and other senior party members, DUP leader Edwin Poots nominated Paul Givan as First Minister and Sinn Féin re-nominated Michelle O’Neill as deputy First Minister.
NORTHERN IRELAND PROTOCOL
The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, commonly abbreviated to the Northern Ireland Protocol, is a protocol to the Brexit withdrawal agreement that governs the unique customs and immigration issues at the border on the island of Ireland between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Union, and on some aspects of trade in goods between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom.
Its terms were negotiated in 2019 before the UK general election, and concluded in December of that year.
The withdrawal agreement as a whole, including the protocol, was ratified in January 2020.
The Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border has had a special status since the thirty-year internecine conflict in Northern Ireland was ended by the Good Friday Agreement of 1998.
The Northern Ireland Protocol is intended to protect the EU single market, while avoiding imposition of a ‘hard border’ that might incite a recurrence of conflict and destabilise the relative peace that has held since the end of “the Troubles”.
Under the Protocol, Northern Ireland is formally outside the EU single market, but EU free movement of goods rules and EU Customs Union rules still apply; this ensures there are no customs checks or controls between Northern Ireland and the rest of the island. Goods from Northern Ireland may be moved without restriction to Great Britain but not conversely.
political parties supporting - Sinn Féin and the SDLP, the Alliance Party and the Green Party.
opposing- the four Unionist parties (DUP, PUP, TUV and UUP)
