HDI 2022 Flashcards
Why in News?
The idea of humanity lies at the core of human development. Human development goes beyond the notion of economic growth with wealth maximisation of the economy. The concept of human development is more about expansion of freedom, enhancement of capabilities, providing equal opportunities to all, and ensuring a long, healthy and prosperous life.
Towards 2030, India is expected to reach a total population of 1.5 billion, becoming the world’s most populous country. While India has multiplied its economy by many folds, it has not made much progress on HDI. The Human Development Report 2021-2022 has signalled an alarming situation for India. In the global ranking of HDI, among 191 countries India slipped to 132 in 2022. (129 in 2019 and 131 in 2020)
What is the Human Development Report?
- Amartya Sen and Mahbub Ul Haq, conceptualised the human-centric approach to development in the first Human Development Report published by the United Nations Development Programme in 1990.
Indices Covered in Human Development Report:
Human Development Index (HDI)
Inequality-Adjusted HDI
Planetary Pressures-Adjusted HDI
Gender Development Index
Gender Inequality Index
Multidimensional Poverty Index
What are the Criticism for Evaluation of the Human Development Index?
Tradeoff Between the Components: HDI implicitly assumes trade-offs between its components when these measurements may not always be equally valuable. Countries can achieve the same HDI through different combinations of life expectancy and GNI per capita.
Slow to Reflect Recent Policies: The United Nations itself even admits that the HDI is not a comprehensive measure of human development. HDI reflects long-term changes (e.g. life expectancy) and is slow to reflect recent policy changes and improvements to the lives of a nation’s citizens.
What are the Challenges For India Regarding Human Development?
- Gender Inequality: Prevalence of gender stereotypes and lack of upward mobility of women (due to glass ceiling) has traditionally sidelined women from development. The Covid-19 pandemic has also exacerbated gender inequality.
In terms of women’s economic participation and opportunity, the Periodic Labour Force Survey’s 2020-21 report states that the labour force participation rate among Indian women is just 23.15%, in contrast to 57.75 % in men.
The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2022 ranks India 135 out of 146 countries. - Low Gross Enrolment: Every year, a large number of students dropout of school in India that hinders their economic and social well-being and creates a non-innovative environment.
The reason for this, reported by the National Sample Survey Office, is not only the financial constraints and engagement of children in domestic or economic activities but their increasing lack of interest in education.
According to the District Information System for Education, students’ disinterest towards education is due to the lack of educational and vocational counselling at the school level.
Lack of Effective Education Infrastructure: A great deal of the quality of education is determined by infrastructure, such as classrooms, water and sanitation facilities, digital learning facilities, and sports facilities.
However, India lags behind in providing quality education uniformly across the country because of insufficient funding, regional disparities, and a lack of strict regulatory mechanisms.
Inadequate Health-Care Facility: Although, healthcare system is improved, there are considerable quality differences between rural and urban areas, between public and private providers and investment in the healthcare sector is not uniform ( as health is a state subject).
Low and middle income population of India faces out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on health, preventing their upward mobility and pulling them into poverty. - Malnutrition: Due to poverty, inequality, improper child care and food insecurity, India faces the problem of malnutrition that costs India around 10 billion dollars annually retarding improvements in human development and further reduction of child mortality.
India ranks 101st out of the 116 countries in the Global Hunger Index 2021. - Lack of Social Security: Around 88% of India’s labour force are employed as daily wage labourers without contracts, landless farm labourers and gig workers. The majority of these informal workers and their families have no access to social security.
Informal workers in rural and urban areas were massively affected due to the Covid-19 Pandemic, because of the seasonality of their employment and lack of formal employee-employer relationship.
What Should be the Way Forward?
Nexus Between Economic, Social and Economic Development: Economic growth, social and environmental development are tightly correlated and play a major role to improve the basic living conditions in India.
Socio-economic and environmental problems cannot be addressed in isolation anymore. Therefore, it is necessary to nest economic, social and environmental aspects in homocentric planning through nature-based solutions.
Reach, Range and Reason Based Policies: Amartya Sen contended that to achieve development’s objective the government policies must focus on the 3 R’s:
Reach (reach of the reason to be achieved)
Range (ways and means to be used)
Reason (priority to pursue).
Social-Economic Inclusion: There is a need for concentrated efforts to streamline the marginalised section of the society who are currently not free to expand their choices and achieve a decent standard of living.
Equality of opportunity (Article 14 of Indian Constitution) must be ensured closing the gender gap and moving toward participatory democracy that will take the country on the path of achieving National Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals.
Investment, Insurance and Innovation in Social Infrastructure: A universal education and health care system can be a broad umbrella effort to solve a plethora of issues in the country to sustain and improve its quality of life and deal with major emerging challenges such as urbanisation, housing shortages, power, water and disaster management.
What is Human Development Report?
Human Development Reports (HDRs) have been released since 1990 and have explored different themes through the human development approach.
It’spublished by the Human Development Report Office for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Goal:The goal is to contribute toward the expansion of opportunities, choice and freedom.
Theme:The theme for Human Development Report 2021-22 isUncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a World in Transformation.
What is the Human Development Index?
HDI is acomposite index that measures average achievementin human development taking into account four indicators:
Life expectancy at birth (Sustainable Development Goal 3),
Expected years of schooling (Sustainable Development Goal 4.3),
Mean years of schooling (Sustainable Development Goal 4.4),
Gross national income (GNI)(Sustainable Development Goal 8.5).
Top performer
Switzerland
