INDIA'S civil nuclear programme Flashcards
Father of Nuclear tech in world
Robert Oppenheimer. Conducted operation MANHATTON. under the operation U.S. developed nuclear weapons, and was tested in Mexico which is known as TRINITY test on 16 july, 1945. same weapon was dropped in HIROSHIMA NAD NAGASAKI.
Post dropping of bomb
post atomic bombing of weapon in Hiroshima in AUGUST, 1945, R.S Krishnan, a nuclear physicist noted that IF the tremendous energy released from atomic explosions is made available to drive the machinery then it would have a far reaching impact and would bring about an industrial revolution.
THIS use of nuclear weapons is regarded as the civil use of nuclear technology.
What is nuclear energy?
energy released when the nuclei of atoms are split or combined.
Types of nuclear reactions.
nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
diff. bw the two.
when the atoms combine to release the nuclear energy this is known as nuclear fusion
and when the atoms split to release the nuclear energy then it is nuclear fission.
EXAMPLES
nuclear fission is usually seen in the sun and the stars because the larges amount of hydrogen atoms continually combines to release the energy.
Whereas, nuclear fission is generally used in nuclear powerplants and nuclear weapons
how electricity is produced in nuclear power plants
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fissile and fertile materials for producing electricity.
fissile materials are the one that can sustain a chain reaction upon bombardment by neutrons.
fertile meaning that it can transmute into a fissile radioisotope(U-233) but can’t itself keep a chain reaction going.
THORIUM IS by itself FERTILE.
in a thorium reactor a fissile material like uranium or plutonium is blanketed by thorium.
the fissile material, also called a driver is this case, drives the chain reaction to produce energy while simultaneously transmuting the fertile material into a fissile material.
INDIA’S initiatives regarding nuclear energy.
INDIA has consciously proceeded to explore the possibility of tapping nuclear energy for the purpose of power generation.
in this direction a three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by HOMI BHABHA in the 1950s.
The ATOMIC ENERGY ACT, 1962 was framed and implemented with the objective of using two naturally occuring elements Uranium and Thorium as nuclear fuel in INDIAN nuclear power plants.
Father of nuclear programme in INDIA?
HOMI JAHANGIR BHABHA.
About the programme and nuclear energy.
ultimate focus is on enabling the thorium reserves of INDIA to be utilised in meeting the energy requirements of INDIA.
NUCLEAR POWER is the FIFTH largest source of generating power in INDIA after coal, gas, wind power and hydroelectricity.
AT present, INDIA has 22 operational nuclear reactors with an installed capacity of 6780 MW.
Asia’s First nuclear reactor is the APSARA research reactor situated in MUMBAI installed in 1956.
The domestic uranium reserve in INDIA is small and the country is dependent on URANIUM imports from other countries like RUSSIA and KAZAKHSTAN to provide fuel to its nuclear power industry.
LARGEST URANIUM PRODUCING COUNTRY
KAZAKHSTAN.
URANIUM AND THORIUM RESERVES IN INDIA.
1to 2% of uranium of world is found in INDIA.
25% of whole thorium in world found in INDIA.
the 99.3% of the uranium found which is in raw material is fertile and the rest 0.7% is fissile.
the 99.3% is U-238 AND the 0.7% is U-235. from this inly U-235 is usable.
RESERVES OF URANIUM IN INDIA include UDAIPUR IN RAJASTHAN, DURG IN CHHATISGARH AND SINGH BHUM IN JHARKHAND.
THORIUM reserves in INDIA in KERELA’S monatize sand in coastal area, and in some areas of TAMIL NADU and ANDHRA PRADESH.
THORIUM .
OUR main aim was how to use thorium but the problem was to connvert it into fissile form from fertile one and for this the three stage programme was formulated in 1950s by HOMI BHABHA
What is the three stage programme?
it was formulated by HOMI BHABHA IN 1950s to secure the country’s long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of SOUTH INDIA.
Atomic Energy Act
Atomic Energy act of 1948 under which atomic energy commission was setup whose first chairperson was HOMI BHABHA.
This commission is the governing body of the department of atomic energy which directly comes under direct control of Prime Minister.
Homi Bhabha setup a site for nuclear works but cleverly named it TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH in BOMBAY and near it in TROMBAY a research lab was setup in which APSARA was made followed by SYRUS which was made with the help of canada and then SELENA which was completely made in INDIA.
