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Biology > Sexual Reproduction in Humans Chp41 > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction in Humans Chp41 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gonad

A

an organ that produces sex cells in animals

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2
Q

What are the parts in the male reproductive organ

A

scrotum, urethra, testis, epididymis, sperm duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, cowper’s gland

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3
Q

What is the function of the testes

A

produce sperm

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4
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

store sperm cells and mature them

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5
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct

A

carries sperm to urethra

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6
Q

What is the function of the urethra

A

carry sperm and urine

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7
Q

What is semen

A

a fluid containing sperm and seminal fluid

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8
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and cowper’s gland

A

produce seminal fluid which provides a medium for sperm t swim and nourishes the sperm

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9
Q

What is the structure of a sperm cell

A

acrosome, nucleus (head), collar (midpiece), flagellum (tail)

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10
Q

What is the function of the acrosome

A

contains enzymes that digest the membrane of the egg

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11
Q

What is puberty

A

the beginning of sexual maturity

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12
Q

What is the swollen tip of the penis called

A

the glans

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13
Q

What are the hormones associated with the male reproductive system

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone)

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14
Q

What is the function of FSH (males)

A

causes diploid sperm-producing cells in the testes to divide by meiosis and produce haploid sperm

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15
Q

What is the function of LH (males)

A

stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

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16
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics

A

features that distinguish males from females apart from sex organs themselves

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17
Q

Examples of secondary male characteristics

A

growth of body hair, growth spurt, widening shoulders

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18
Q

What is infertility

A

the inability to produce offspring

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19
Q

What is a male infertility disorder

A

low sperm count

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20
Q

What is a cause for low sperm count

A

use of drugs, stress, abnormal sperm production

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21
Q

What is a treatment for low sperm count

A

change in diet, reduce stress, change drug consumption

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22
Q

What are the parts in the female reproductive system

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, cervix, vulva, endometrium

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23
Q

What is the function of the ovaries

A

produce eggs and female hormones

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24
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes

A

moves the egg along to the uterus and egg is fertilized here

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25
Q

What is the function of the uterus

A

where the embryo and baby develop

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26
Q

What is the cervix

A

the opening of the uterus

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27
Q

What is the function of the endometrium

A

nourishes the embryo in the event of a pregnancy

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28
Q

What is the function of the vagina

A

allows the entry of sperm and allows the baby to exit

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29
Q

What is ovulation

A

the release of an egg from the ovary

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30
Q

What is the menstrual cycle

A

a series of events that occurs every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place

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31
Q

What is menopause

A

when ovulation and menstruation stops happening in a female

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32
Q

What happens day 1-5 in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH produced by the pituitary gland, endometrium breaks down and is shed, meiosis occurs in ovary to produce new egg surrounded by the Graafian follicle

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33
Q

What happens day 6-14 in the menstrual cycle

A

Graafian follicle produces oestrogen causing endometrium to thicken, and prevents new eggs from developing

34
Q

What happens day 14 in the menstrual cycle

A

LH is produced by the pituitary gland, ovulation occurs when Graafian follicle bursts to release egg from ovary, the egg passes into the fallopian tube and is available for fertilisation for up to 48 hours

35
Q

What happens day 14-28 in the menstrual cycle

A

remains of Graafian follicle develop into the corpus luteum and makes progesterone, which thickens endometrium more, hormone stops new eggs from forming

36
Q

What is menstruation

A

the discharge of the lining of the uterus and the unfertilised egg

37
Q

What are the functions of oestrogen and progesterone

A

oestrogen causes endometrium to thicken in first half, progesterone continues this and both prevent new eggs from developing

38
Q

What are secondary female characteristics

A

the maturing and enlargement of the breasts, widening of the pelvis, growth spurt

39
Q

What is an example of a menstrual disorder

A

fibroids

40
Q

What is a treatment for fibroids

A

surgery/ hysterectomy

41
Q

What is a female infertility disorder

A

blockage of the fallopian tubes

42
Q

What is a cause for blockages in the fallopian tue

A

fragments of uterus lining spread to fallopian tube

43
Q

What is a treatment for female infertility

A

IVF (In-Vitro-Fertilisation)

44
Q

What is copulation

A

the act of sexual intercourse

45
Q

What is an orgasm

A

the physical and emotional sensations experienced at the peak of sexual excitement

46
Q

What is ejaculation

A

the release of semen from the penis

47
Q

What is insemination

A

the release of semen into the vagina, just outside the cervix

48
Q

What are the stages of copulation

A

sexual arousal, copulation, orgasm

49
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

when the sperm cells swim towards the chemicals produced by the egg

50
Q

What is ferilisation

A

when the nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg, forming a diploid zygote

51
Q

What are the events leading to fertilisation

A

insemination, sperm swim towards egg, sperm swarm the egg, one sperm head enters the egg, fertilisation membrane forms, fertilisation

52
Q

What are the survival times for sperm and eggs

A

sperm-7 days, egg-2 days

53
Q

What is implantation

A

the imbedding of he fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

54
Q

What is IVF

A

involves removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body

55
Q

What 2 tissues form the placents

A

embryonic and uterine tissue

56
Q

Describe placenta formation

A

soon after implantation the chorion surrounds the amnion and embryo, the combination of the chorionic villi and the endometrium forms the placenta

57
Q

What are the functions of the placenta

A

exchange of gases, nutrient, waste, antibodies and prevents bloods from mixing and produces hormone progesterone

58
Q

What is a morula

A

a solid ball of cells formed from a zygote by mitosis

59
Q

Describe the early development of the zygote day 1

A

fertilisation occurs on day one, zygote has 46 chromosomes half from sperm and half from egg

60
Q

Describe the early development of the zygote day 3

A

during first 3 days zygote divides rapidly producing a solid clump of cells called the morula

61
Q

Describe the early development of the zygote day 5

A

the morula forms a hollow ball of a few hundred cells called a blastocyst, outer cells form the trophoblast and inner cells will later form the embryo, blastocyst is pushed into the uterus

62
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

a hollow ball of cells formed from a morula

63
Q

What are germ layers

A

basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult tissues and organs will form

64
Q

What are the 3 germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm,

65
Q

Describe embryonic development day 10

A

inner cell mass of the blastocyst form 3 germ layers with each germ layer forming different structures

66
Q

What does the ectoderm layer produce

A

skin , nails, hair, nervous system

67
Q

What does the mesoderm layer produce

A

muscles, skeleton, respiratory system, reproductive system

68
Q

What does the endoderm layer produce

A

inner lining of digestive system, respiratory system, and liver and pancreas

69
Q

Describe embryonic development up to 8 weeks

A

the heart forms and starts to beat in the embryo in the first 4 weeks, the brain develops and umbilical cord forms, week 5 limbs and internal organs start to form, 6 weeks eyes, mouth, nose, ears form, embryo is called a foetus

70
Q

Describe embryonic development up to 3 months

A

grows and refines structures already formed, last 7 months involve the growth of the foetus no more organs are produced

71
Q

What is gestation

A

the length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth

72
Q

What are the hormones associated with birth

A

progesterone and oxytocin causes contractions resulting in the onset of labour

73
Q

What are the stages of birth

A

Stage 1: lasts about 12 hours, contractions push foetus down towards cervix, mucous plug expelled, membranes around foetus break/water breaks. Stage 2: 20 mins-1 hour, cervix dilates, foetus is pushed through the cervix head first, umbilical cord cut. Stage 3: placenta and foetal membranes are expelled

74
Q

What is lactation

A

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands of the female

75
Q

What is prolactin

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland which stimulates milk production

76
Q

What is a biological benefit of breastfeeding

A

ideal balance of nutrients for baby, provides supply of antibodies

77
Q

What is birth control

A

methods taken to limit the number of children that ae born

78
Q

What is contraception

A

the deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy

79
Q

What is a method of natural contraception

A

avoid having intercourse when pregnancy is possible in the menstrual cycle

80
Q

What is a method of mechanical contraception

A

condoms

81
Q

What is a method of chemical contraception

A

hormones such as progesterone and oestrogen taken to prevent ovulation (the pill)

82
Q

What is a method of surgical cotraception

A

vasectomy in males and sterilisation in females

Biology (34 decks)

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