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Biology > Sexual Reproduction in Humans Chp41 > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction in Humans Chp41 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gonad

A

an organ that produces sex cells in animals

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2
Q

What are the parts in the male reproductive organ

A

scrotum, urethra, testis, epididymis, sperm duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, cowper’s gland

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3
Q

What is the function of the testes

A

produce sperm

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4
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

store sperm cells and mature them

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5
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct

A

carries sperm to urethra

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6
Q

What is the function of the urethra

A

carry sperm and urine

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7
Q

What is semen

A

a fluid containing sperm and seminal fluid

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8
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and cowper’s gland

A

produce seminal fluid which provides a medium for sperm t swim and nourishes the sperm

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9
Q

What is the structure of a sperm cell

A

acrosome, nucleus (head), collar (midpiece), flagellum (tail)

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10
Q

What is the function of the acrosome

A

contains enzymes that digest the membrane of the egg

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11
Q

What is puberty

A

the beginning of sexual maturity

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12
Q

What is the swollen tip of the penis called

A

the glans

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13
Q

What are the hormones associated with the male reproductive system

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinising hormone)

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14
Q

What is the function of FSH (males)

A

causes diploid sperm-producing cells in the testes to divide by meiosis and produce haploid sperm

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15
Q

What is the function of LH (males)

A

stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

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16
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics

A

features that distinguish males from females apart from sex organs themselves

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17
Q

Examples of secondary male characteristics

A

growth of body hair, growth spurt, widening shoulders

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18
Q

What is infertility

A

the inability to produce offspring

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19
Q

What is a male infertility disorder

A

low sperm count

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20
Q

What is a cause for low sperm count

A

use of drugs, stress, abnormal sperm production

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21
Q

What is a treatment for low sperm count

A

change in diet, reduce stress, change drug consumption

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22
Q

What are the parts in the female reproductive system

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, cervix, vulva, endometrium

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23
Q

What is the function of the ovaries

A

produce eggs and female hormones

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24
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes

A

moves the egg along to the uterus and egg is fertilized here

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25
What is the function of the uterus
where the embryo and baby develop
26
What is the cervix
the opening of the uterus
27
What is the function of the endometrium
nourishes the embryo in the event of a pregnancy
28
What is the function of the vagina
allows the entry of sperm and allows the baby to exit
29
What is ovulation
the release of an egg from the ovary
30
What is the menstrual cycle
a series of events that occurs every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place
31
What is menopause
when ovulation and menstruation stops happening in a female
32
What happens day 1-5 in the menstrual cycle
FSH produced by the pituitary gland, endometrium breaks down and is shed, meiosis occurs in ovary to produce new egg surrounded by the Graafian follicle
33
What happens day 6-14 in the menstrual cycle
Graafian follicle produces oestrogen causing endometrium to thicken, and prevents new eggs from developing
34
What happens day 14 in the menstrual cycle
LH is produced by the pituitary gland, ovulation occurs when Graafian follicle bursts to release egg from ovary, the egg passes into the fallopian tube and is available for fertilisation for up to 48 hours
35
What happens day 14-28 in the menstrual cycle
remains of Graafian follicle develop into the corpus luteum and makes progesterone, which thickens endometrium more, hormone stops new eggs from forming
36
What is menstruation
the discharge of the lining of the uterus and the unfertilised egg
37
What are the functions of oestrogen and progesterone
oestrogen causes endometrium to thicken in first half, progesterone continues this and both prevent new eggs from developing
38
What are secondary female characteristics
the maturing and enlargement of the breasts, widening of the pelvis, growth spurt
39
What is an example of a menstrual disorder
fibroids
40
What is a treatment for fibroids
surgery/ hysterectomy
41
What is a female infertility disorder
blockage of the fallopian tubes
42
What is a cause for blockages in the fallopian tue
fragments of uterus lining spread to fallopian tube
43
What is a treatment for female infertility
IVF (In-Vitro-Fertilisation)
44
What is copulation
the act of sexual intercourse
45
What is an orgasm
the physical and emotional sensations experienced at the peak of sexual excitement
46
What is ejaculation
the release of semen from the penis
47
What is insemination
the release of semen into the vagina, just outside the cervix
48
What are the stages of copulation
sexual arousal, copulation, orgasm
49
What is chemotaxis
when the sperm cells swim towards the chemicals produced by the egg
50
What is ferilisation
when the nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg, forming a diploid zygote
51
What are the events leading to fertilisation
insemination, sperm swim towards egg, sperm swarm the egg, one sperm head enters the egg, fertilisation membrane forms, fertilisation
52
What are the survival times for sperm and eggs
sperm-7 days, egg-2 days
53
What is implantation
the imbedding of he fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus
54
What is IVF
involves removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body
55
What 2 tissues form the placents
embryonic and uterine tissue
56
Describe placenta formation
soon after implantation the chorion surrounds the amnion and embryo, the combination of the chorionic villi and the endometrium forms the placenta
57
What are the functions of the placenta
exchange of gases, nutrient, waste, antibodies and prevents bloods from mixing and produces hormone progesterone
58
What is a morula
a solid ball of cells formed from a zygote by mitosis
59
Describe the early development of the zygote day 1
fertilisation occurs on day one, zygote has 46 chromosomes half from sperm and half from egg
60
Describe the early development of the zygote day 3
during first 3 days zygote divides rapidly producing a solid clump of cells called the morula
61
Describe the early development of the zygote day 5
the morula forms a hollow ball of a few hundred cells called a blastocyst, outer cells form the trophoblast and inner cells will later form the embryo, blastocyst is pushed into the uterus
62
What is a blastocyst
a hollow ball of cells formed from a morula
63
What are germ layers
basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult tissues and organs will form
64
What are the 3 germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm,
65
Describe embryonic development day 10
inner cell mass of the blastocyst form 3 germ layers with each germ layer forming different structures
66
What does the ectoderm layer produce
skin , nails, hair, nervous system
67
What does the mesoderm layer produce
muscles, skeleton, respiratory system, reproductive system
68
What does the endoderm layer produce
inner lining of digestive system, respiratory system, and liver and pancreas
69
Describe embryonic development up to 8 weeks
the heart forms and starts to beat in the embryo in the first 4 weeks, the brain develops and umbilical cord forms, week 5 limbs and internal organs start to form, 6 weeks eyes, mouth, nose, ears form, embryo is called a foetus
70
Describe embryonic development up to 3 months
grows and refines structures already formed, last 7 months involve the growth of the foetus no more organs are produced
71
What is gestation
the length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth
72
What are the hormones associated with birth
progesterone and oxytocin causes contractions resulting in the onset of labour
73
What are the stages of birth
Stage 1: lasts about 12 hours, contractions push foetus down towards cervix, mucous plug expelled, membranes around foetus break/water breaks. Stage 2: 20 mins-1 hour, cervix dilates, foetus is pushed through the cervix head first, umbilical cord cut. Stage 3: placenta and foetal membranes are expelled
74
What is lactation
the secretion of milk by the mammary glands of the female
75
What is prolactin
hormone produced by the pituitary gland which stimulates milk production
76
What is a biological benefit of breastfeeding
ideal balance of nutrients for baby, provides supply of antibodies
77
What is birth control
methods taken to limit the number of children that ae born
78
What is contraception
the deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy
79
What is a method of natural contraception
avoid having intercourse when pregnancy is possible in the menstrual cycle
80
What is a method of mechanical contraception
condoms
81
What is a method of chemical contraception
hormones such as progesterone and oestrogen taken to prevent ovulation (the pill)
82
What is a method of surgical cotraception
vasectomy in males and sterilisation in females

Biology (34 decks)

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