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biology > Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Chp39 > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Chp39 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

reproduction with only one parent

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

involves the union of two sex cells or gametes

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3
Q

What are gametes

A

haploid cells capable of fusion

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4
Q

What are the parts of a flower

A

receptacle, sepals, petals, stamen (anther, filament), carpel (stigma, style, ovary)

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5
Q

What is the function of the receptacle

A

supports the flower and where it grows from

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6
Q

What is the function of the sepal

A

protect the flower as a bud

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7
Q

What is the function of the petals

A

attract animals/insects

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8
Q

What is the stamen

A

the male part of the flower

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9
Q

What is the carpel

A

the female parts of the flower

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10
Q

What is the function of the filament

A

holds up the anther

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11
Q

What is the function of the anther

A

produces pollen

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12
Q

What is the function of the stigma

A

where the pollen lands

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13
Q

What is the function of the style

A

the pollen tube grows through during reproduction

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14
Q

What is the function of the ovary

A

contains one or more ovules

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15
Q

What is the structure of the pollen sac

A

4 chambers in the anther, with microspore mother cells inside

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16
Q

Describe pollen grain development

A

microspore mother cells in the pollen sac divide by meiosis to produce four haploid cells (tetrad), this tetrad splits and divides by mitosis to produce 2 haploid nuclei (tube and generative nucleus)

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17
Q

What is the structure of the ovule

A

2 walls (integuments) have a small open (micropyle)

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18
Q

Describe the formation of the embryo sac

A

the megaspore mother cell is diploid and divides by meiosis to form 4 haploid cells and 3 die off, with the remaining cell being the embryo sac, the nucleus in the sac divides by mitosis 3 times to form 8 haploid nuclei

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19
Q

What is pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species

20
Q

What is self-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on the same plant

21
Q

What is cross-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on a different plant

22
Q

What are the methods of pollination

A

wind pollination and animal pollination

23
Q

How have plants adapted to wind pollination

A

small or no petals that are green, large amounts of small, light, dry and smooth pollen, large anthers outside petals,

24
Q

How have plants adapted to animal pollination

A

large, brightly coloured petals, have nectaries, small amounts of heavy large sticky pollen, small anthers inside petals

25
Q

What is fertilisation

A

the union of the male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote

26
Q

Describe fertilisation in flowering plants

A

pollen grain lands on the stigma and tube nucleus makes pollen tube and degenerates when it reaches the micropyle, the generative nucleus divides by mitosis into 2 nuclei, one combines with the egg to make a zygote, the other joins with 2 polar nuclei to make a triploid endosperm nucleus

27
Q

What is the radicle

A

the part of the plant embryo that develops into the root

28
Q

What is the plumule

A

the part of the plant embryo that develops into the shoot

29
Q

What is a non-endospermic seed

A

a seed with no endosperm when fully formed

30
Q

What is a endospermic seed

A

a seed with endosperm when fully formed

31
Q

What develops into the fruit

A

ovary

32
Q

What develops into the seed

A

ovule

33
Q

How are seedless fruit produced

A

genetic engineering or using growth regulators like ethene

34
Q

What is dispersal

A

the transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant

35
Q

Why is seed dispersal important

A

to avoid competition, increase chance of survival

36
Q

What are the types of seed dispersal

A

wind, water, animal and self

37
Q

What is an example of wind disperal

A

dandelion

38
Q

What is an example of water dispersal

A

coconut

39
Q

What is an example of animal dispersal

A

fruit eaten and pooped out

40
Q

What is an example of self-dispersal

A

peas can dry out and explode

41
Q

What is dormancy

A

a resting period when seeds undergo no growth and have reduced cell activity or metabolism

42
Q

What are the advantages of dormancy

A

allows plant to avoid harsh conditions, gives embryo time to develop, gives time for seed to disperse

43
Q

What is germination

A

the regrowth of the embryo after a period of dormancy if the environmental conditions are suitable

44
Q

What are the conditions necessary for germination

A

water, oxygen, suitable temperature

45
Q

What are the stages in seedling growth

A

germination occurs, radicle grows downward, plumule grows upwards, root develops and shoot grows first leaves

biology (34 decks)

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